Enhanced neuronal regeneration by retinoic acid of murine dorsal root ganglia and of fetal murine and human spinal cord in vitro

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. P. Quinn ◽  
U. Boni
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Human Spinal Cord

scholarly journals Endothelin 1, an endothelium-derived peptide, is expressed in neurons of the human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.

1989 ◽  
Vol 86 (19) ◽  
pp. 7634-7638 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Giaid ◽  
S. J. Gibson ◽  
B. N. Ibrahim ◽  
S. Legon ◽  
S. R. Bloom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Endothelin 1

Analysis of high PSA N-CAM expression during mammalian spinal cord and peripheral nervous system development

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Boisseau ◽  
J. Nedelec ◽  
V. Poirier ◽  
G. Rougon ◽  
M. Simonneau
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Total N

Using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes specifically a high polysialylated form of N-CAM (high PSA N-CAM), the temporal and spatial expression of this molecule was studied in developing spinal cord and neural crest derivatives of mouse truncal region. Temporal expression was analyzed on immunoblots of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) extracts microdissected at different developmental stages. Analysis of the ratio of high PSA N-CAM to total N-CAM indicated that sialylation and desialylation are independently regulated from the expression of polypeptide chains of N-CAM. Motoneurons, dorsal root ganglia cells and commissural neurons present a homogeneous distribution of high PSA N-CAMs on both their cell bodies and their neurites. Sialylation of N-CAM can occur in neurons after their aggregation in peripheral ganglia as demonstrated for dorsal root ganglia at E12. Furthermore, peripheral ganglia express different levels of high PSA N-CAM. With in vitro models using mouse neural crest cells, we found that expression of high PSA N-CAM was restricted to cells presenting an early neuronal phenotype, suggesting a common regulation for the expression of high PSA N-CAM molecules, neurofilament proteins and sodium channels. Using perturbation experiments with endoneuraminidase, we confirmed that high PSA N-CAM molecules are involved in fasciculation and neuritic growth when neurons derived from neural crest grow on collagen substrata. However, we demonstrated that these two parameters do not appear to depend on high PSA N-CAM molecules when cells were grown on a fibronectin substratum, indicating the existence of a hierarchy among adhesion molecules.

Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin

1987 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Marti ◽  
S. J. Gibson ◽  
J. M. Polak ◽  
P. Facer ◽  
D. R. Springall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Rat Skin ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal

α5GABAA receptors mediate primary afferent fiber tonic excitability in the turtle spinal cord

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 2175-2184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Loeza-Alcocer ◽  
Martha Canto-Bustos ◽  
Justo Aguilar ◽  
Ricardo González-Ramírez ◽  
Ricardo Felix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Afferent Fiber ◽  
Primary Afferents ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Primary Afferent Depolarization ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Dorsal Root Reflex

γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in the regulation of central nervous system by activating synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. It is acknowledged that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors located in the soma, dendrites, and axons may be activated tonically by low extracellular GABA concentrations. The activation of these receptors produces a persistent conductance that can hyperpolarize or depolarize nerve cells depending on the Cl− equilibrium potential. In an in vitro preparation of the turtle spinal cord we show that extrasynaptic α5GABAA receptors mediate the tonic state of excitability of primary afferents independently of the phasic primary afferent depolarization mediated by synaptic GABAA receptors. Blockade of α5GABAA receptors with the inverse agonist L-655,708 depressed the dorsal root reflex (DRR) without affecting the phasic increase in excitability of primary afferents. Using RT-PCR and Western blotting, we corroborated the presence of the mRNA and the α5GABAA protein in the dorsal root ganglia of the turtle spinal cord. The receptors were localized in primary afferents in dorsal root, dorsal root ganglia, and peripheral nerve terminals using immunoconfocal microscopy. Considering the implications of the DRR in neurogenic inflammation, α5GABAA receptors may serve as potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of pain.

scholarly journals Oncomodulin derived from regeneration-associated macrophages in dorsal root ganglia promotes axon regeneration in the spinal cord

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Kwon ◽  
Yeojin Seo ◽  
Hana Cho ◽  
Jihye Choi ◽  
Hyung Soon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Drg Neurons ◽  
Cord Injury

Preconditioning peripheral nerve injury enhances axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in part by driving pro-regenerative perineuronal macrophage activation. How these regeneration-associated macrophages influence the neuronal capacity of axon regeneration remains elusive. The present study reports that oncomodulin (ONCM) is an effector molecule derived from the regeneration-associated macrophages. ONCM was highly upregulated in DRG macrophages following preconditioning injury and necessary for the preconditioning-induced neurite outgrowth. ONCM-deficient macrophages failed to generate neurite outgrowth activity of the conditioned medium in the in vitro model of neuron-macrophage interaction. CCL2/CCR2 signaling is an upstream regulator of ONCM since the ONCM upregulation was dependent on CCR2 and CCL2 overexpression-mediated conditioning effects were attenuated in ONCM-deficient mice. Direct application of ONCM potently increased neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurons by activating a distinct gene set, particularly neuropeptide-related genes. AAV-mediated overexpression of ONCM construct with the signal sequence increased neuronal secretion of ONCM and enhanced neurite outgrowth in an autocrine manner. For a clinically relevant approach, we developed a nanogel-mediated system for localized delivery of recombinant ONCM to DRG tissue. Electrostatic encapsulation of ONCM by a reducible epsilon-poly(L-lysine)-nanogel (REPL-NG) resulted in a slow release of ONCM allowing sustained bioactivity. Intraganglionic injection of REPL-NG/ONCM complex achieved a remarkable long-range axonal regeneration beyond spinal cord lesion, surpassing the extent expected from the preconditioning effects. The NG-mediated ONCM delivery could be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for promoting sensory axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.

The effect of tail-docking neonate piglets on ATF-3 and NR2B immunoreactivity in coccygeal dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord dorsal horn neurons: Preliminary data

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
D.A. Sandercock ◽  
A. Monteiro ◽  
E.M. Scott ◽  
A.M. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Dorsal Horn Neurons ◽  
Tail Docking

AbstractBackground/aimsTail docking neonatal piglets remains a controversial animal welfare issue. Although banned in the UK, it is widely practiced in many countries as a safeguard against tail biting among pigs reared in intensive systems. Concerns exist whether tail docking can induce chronic pain in later life. This preliminary study examined the effects of partial tail amputation on activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a marker of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration and NMDA-glutamate receptor NR2B subunit which participates in the mediation of chronic pain.MethodsProcedures were performed according to the ethical guidelines for the study of experimental pain in animals. Six piglets (2–3 days old) were tail-docked (a portion of the tail amputated with sterile surgical cutters), six piglets (2–3 days old) were sham-docked. Three animals from each treatment were euthanised 7 and 56 days post-amputation. Coccygeal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord were collected post-mortem for immunohistochemistry.ResultsATF3 immunoreactivity (IR) was significantly increased (p <0.05) in the DRG neurons from tail-docked piglets 7 days after tail amputation, compared with sham-docked piglets. ATF3-IR was not different in sham and tail-docked piglets 56 days post amputation. NR2B-IR was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in dorsal horn neurons in tail-docked piglets compared with intact piglets 7 days after docking. There was no difference in NR2B-IR in neurons 56 days post amputation, compared with intact piglets.ConclusionsIncreased ATF3 and NR2B-IR 7 days after tail-docking suggests that injury to the peripheral nerves in the tail was sufficient to trigger neuronal regeneration and altered dorsal horn signaling respectively, however the effects of tail-docking on neuronal regeneration and nociceptive signaling were relatively short lasting. Tail-docking neonatal piglets does not cause sustained changes in ATF3, which might suggest ongoing nerve fibre damage and NR2B which might be implicated in chronic pain.

Microanatomy of the Origin of the Cervical Plexus at the Spinal Cord, Nerve Root Cuffs, and Dorsal Root Ganglia Levels

2022 ◽  
pp. 93-125
Author(s):  
Irene Riquelme ◽  
Miguel Angel Reina ◽  
André P. Boezaart ◽  
Francisco Reina ◽  
Virginia García-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Cervical Plexus

Neurotoxicity of Seven MEIC Chemicals Evaluated in Organotypic Cultures of Chick Embryonic Dorsal Root Ganglia

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
Václav Mandys ◽  
Katerina Jirsová ◽  
Jirí Vrana
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Organotypic Cultures ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Agar Culture

The neurotoxic effects of seven selected Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity programme chemicals (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, iron [II] sulphate and chloroform) were evaluated in organotypic cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG), maintained in a soft agar culture medium. Two growth parameters of neurite outgrowth from the ganglia — the mean radial length of neurites and the area of neurite outgrowth — were used to evaluate the toxicities of the chemicals. Dose-dependent decreases of both parameters were observed in all experiments. IC50 values (the concentration causing 50% inhibition of growth) were calculated from the dose-response curves established at three time-points during culture, i.e. 24, 48 and 72 hours. The lowest toxic effect was observed in cultures exposed to methanol (the IC50 ranging from 580mM to 1020mM). The highest toxic effect was observed in cultures exposed to iron (II) sulphate (the IC50 ranging from 1.2mM to 1.7mM). The results of other recent experiments suggest that organotypic cultures of DRG can be used during in vitro studies on target organ toxicity within the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, these cultures preserve the internal organisation of the tissue, maintain intercellular contacts, and thus reflect the in vitro situation, more precisely than other cell cultures.

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