The ultrastructure of glia-like cells in lateral nerve cords of adult Amphilina foliacea (Amphilinida)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Biserova
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

The musculature and nervous system of the plerocercoid larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Nerve Cords ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

1. The structure of the proboscides of the larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.) is described. Each proboscis is provided with four sets of extrinsic muscles, and there is an anterior dorso-ventral muscle mass connected to all four proboscides.2. The musculature of the body and scolex is described.3. The nervous system consists of a brain, two lateral nerve cords, two outer and inner anterior nerves on each side, twenty-five pairs of bothridial nerves to each bothridium, four longitudinal bothridial nerves connecting these latter before their entry into the bothridia, four proboscis nerves arising from the brain, and a series of lateral nerves supplying the lateral regions of the body.4. The so-called ganglia contain no nerve cells, these are present only in the posterior median commissure which is therefore the nerve centre.

Excitatory and Inhibitory Pathways in the Arm of Octopus

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-270
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Inhibitory Pathways ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes ◽  
Motor Effects ◽  
Dorsal Medulla ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Nerve Cords

1. The nervous system of isolated arms of Octopus vulgaris has been investigated with fine stimulating electrodes and lesions. The reflexes of the intact arm are in accordance with earlier reports. 2. The reflexes are abolished if the nerves from the medulla are cut. These nerves carry both sensory and motor signals, serving discrete areas of muscle and skin. The central mechanisms producing single-sucker reflexes are confined to the ventral ‘axial ganglia’. 3. Stimulation in the ventral medulla influences many suckers simultaneously or progressively, implying both through-pathways and polysynaptic pathways. 4. The nervous supply to the main longitudinal and oblique musculature remains obscure. Motor effects are produced by stimulating the median and central medulla, and require intact peripheral supply. The lateral nerve cords do not affect the main musculature. 5. The dermal musculature is affected by stimulation in the medulla and of its peripheral nerves. Only the subdermal muscle layer is excited by stimulation of the lateral nerve cords. 6. Normal expansion of the chromatophores depends on an intact nervous supply from the medulla, and is not due to autotonus of the chromatophore muscles. The final chromatophore nerves are probably medullar, not cerebral, and each controls only a few patches of skin over short lengths of the arm. 7. Through-pathways, affecting many or all of these chromatophore nerves, run in the dorsal medulla. They include local and general excitatory, general inhibitory and possibly local inhibitory channels. Their significance, and that of excitatory and inhibitory supplies to the sucker reflex mechanisms, is discussed.

The neural commissural rings of the adult male Schistosoma mansoni

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Withyachumnarnkul ◽  
A. Pongsa-Asawapaiboon ◽  
P. Sobhon ◽  
E. S. Upatham
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nerve Cords

ABSTRACTAdult males of Schistosoma mansoni were preincubated in 5-hydroxtryptamine (5HT) and processed through the glyoxylic acid fluorescence technique to visualize 5HT-containing neural elements. 5HT flourescence was seen as a series of cross-sectional rings beginning behind the ventral sucker toward the tail end. The rings were connected by two lateral nerve cords running longitudinally along the whole lenght of the worms.

Nerve cells inAcanthobothrium coronatum(Rud.) (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Anterior Half ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

The nervous system ofAcanthobothrium coronatumconsists of paired bilobed cerebral ganglia in the scolex joined by a transverse and a dorsal and ventral commissure, and a number of longitudinal nerve cords joined by ring commissures from which arise delicate nerves supplying various organs.Bipolar neurons are present in the transverse commissure and scattered throughout the longitudinal nerves in the strobila.Multipolar neurons occur outside and in close association with the nerve cords.A band of ganglionic cells lies on the inner side of the lateral nerve cords in the scolex.Binding cells are present around the longitudinal nerve cords and ring commissures in the strobila.Stretch receptors are present in the anterior half of the scolex in association with the powerful muscles moving the bothridia and hooks.

scholarly journals Neuroanatomy of a Dactylogyrid monogenean, from gold fish Carassius auratus, Nilsson, from Meerut (U. P.), India

VOYAGER ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Pragati Rastogi ◽  
Deepmala Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Gill Parasite ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Gold Fish ◽  
Nerve Cords

Chemical named 5-bromo indoxyl acetate has been used to describe the nervous system of anoviparous Dactylogyridmonogenean PellucidhaptorPrice and Mizelle (1964), a gill parasite of Carassius auratus. Central nervous system consists of paired cerebral ganglia from which anterior and posterior neuronal pathways arise. These neuronal pathways are interlinked by cross connectives and commissures. Paired dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords emanate from the cerebral ganglia, connected at intervals by transverse connectives. Huge arrangement of dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords and their innervations have been examined. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes innervations of the alimentary tract, reproductive organs and attachment organs (anterior adhesive areas and haptor). Both the CNS and PNS are bilaterally symmetrical, and better developed ventrally than laterally and dorsally.

The muscle, nervous and excretory systems of the plerocercoid of Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rud., 1819) (Pintner 1931) (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from Bermuda fishes

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Central Ring ◽  
Rigid Ring ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Nerve Cords ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

SummaryThe plerocercoid of Callitetrarhynchus gracilis was found in the body cavity of 14 species of fishes from Bermuda. The scolex, having completed its development, continues to grow within the blastocyst. The two mobile bothridia possess lateral grooves containing backwardly directed spines. Rapid evagination of the proboscides is effected by two layers of contra-rotating spiral muscles in the walls of the proboscis bulbs. The proboscis retractor is protected from constriction, during contraction of the bulbs, by a rigid ring at the junction of bulb and sheath. Nine series of extrinsic muscles anchor the proboscis sheaths to the body wall and a ladder-like series of dorsal, ventral and lateral muscles anchors the bulbs to one another. The bulbar nerves arise from the lateral nerve cords and are joined by a series of central ring commissures along the length of the bulbs. Uniciliate sensilla occur on the scolex and glandular cells in the peduncle.

Extracellular filaments in the perineurium of the florida lobster, Panulirus argus

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 784-785
Author(s):  
Roy J. Baerwald ◽  
Lura C. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Nerve Cords

In arthropods the perineurium surrounds the neuropile, consists of modified glial cells, and is the morphological basis for the blood-brain barrier. The perineurium is surrounded by an acellular neural lamella, sometimes containing scattered collagen-like fibrils. This perineurial-neural lamellar complex is thought to occur ubiquitously throughout the arthropods. This report describes a SEM and TEM study of the sheath surrounding the ventral nerve cord of Panulirus argus.Juvenile P. argus were collected from the Florida Keys and maintained in marine aquaria. Nerve cords were fixed for TEM in Karnovsky's fixative and saturated tannic acid in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, pH = 7.4; post-fixed in 1.0% OsO4 in the same buffer; dehydrated through a graded series of ethanols; embedded in Epon-Araldite; and examined in a Philips 200 TEM. Nerve cords were fixed for SEM in a similar manner except that tannic acid was not used.

Immunocytochemical and radioimmunometrical demonstration of serotonin- and neuropeptide-immunoreactivities in the adult rat tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McKay ◽  
I. Fairweather ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
D. W. Halton
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Cerebral Ganglia ◽  
Longitudinal Nerve ◽  
Small Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cords

Standard indirect immunocytochemical techniques have been interfaced with confocal scanning laser microscopy (for whole-mount preparations) and epifluorescence microscopy (for cryosections) to investigate the occurrence and distribution of serotoninergic and peptidergic nerve elements in adultH. diminuta. Serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactivity (IR) was widespread throughout the worm, occurring in the paired cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, the 10 longitudinal nerve cords and in a plethora of small nerve fibres of the peripheral nervous system. An abundance of serotoninergic nerve cell bodies was found in association with the lateral nerve cords. The genital atrium and accessory reproductive ducts were richly innervated with serotoninergic nerve fibres. Thirty-five antisera to 20 vertebrate regulatory peptides and 1 invertebrate peptide (FMRFamide) were used to screen the worm for neuropeptide IR. Immunostaining was obtained with antisera raised to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), xenopsin (XP) and FMRFamide. The most extensive pattern of IR occurred with antisera to PP and PYY, IR being evident in the cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and in small nerve fibres that ramified throughout the parenchyma. A series of bipolar nerve cell bodies between the median nerve cords displayed PP/PYY-IR. The distribution of FMRFamide-IR was reminiscent of the PP/PYY pattern but was less extensive. Comparison of the serotoninergic and peptidergic nervous systems has revealed general similarities and some distinct differences, especially with regard to the distribution of immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. Quantitative data are presented on the levels of PP-, SP-, PH1-, and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactivities demonstrable in acid-alcohol extracts of whole worms. The highest level of peptide IR determined was recorded for PP.

NO nerves in a tapeworm. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in adult Hymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. S. Gustafsson ◽  
A. M. Lindholm ◽  
N. B. Terenina ◽  
M. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Internal Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYThe free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has recently been discovered to function as a neuronal messenger. The presence of NOS was detected in the nervous system of adult Hymenolepis diminuta with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. The NADPH-d histochemical reaction is regarded as a selective marker for NOS in neuronal tissue. NADPH-d staining was observed in nerve fibres in the main and minor nerve cords and the transverse ring commissures, and in cell bodies in the brain commissure, along the main nerve cords, in the suckers and the rostellar sac. NADPH-d staining was also observed in the wall of the internal seminal vesicle and the genital atrium. The pattern of NADPH-d staining was compared with that of the 5-HT immunoreactive nervous elements. The NADPH-d staining reaction and the 5-HT immunoreactivity occur in separate sets of neurons. This is the first time the NADPH-d reaction has been demonstrated in the nervous system of a flatworm, indicating that NOS is present and that NO can be produced at this level of evolution.

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