Verification of nonregular temporal properties for context-free processes

2005 ◽  
pp. 81-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Bouajjani ◽  
Rachid Echahed ◽  
Riadh Robbana
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Context Free

Auditory Training to Improve Speech Perception and Self-Efficacy in Aging Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281
Author(s):  
Leah Fostick ◽  
Riki Taitelbaum-Swead ◽  
Shulamith Kreitler ◽  
Shelly Zokraut ◽  
Miriam Billig
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Intensity Discrimination ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Aging Adults

Purpose Difficulty in understanding spoken speech is a common complaint among aging adults, even when hearing impairment is absent. Correlational studies point to a relationship between age, auditory temporal processing (ATP), and speech perception but cannot demonstrate causality unlike training studies. In the current study, we test (a) the causal relationship between a spatial–temporal ATP task (temporal order judgment [TOJ]) and speech perception among aging adults using a training design and (b) whether improvement in aging adult speech perception is accompanied by improved self-efficacy. Method Eighty-two participants aged 60–83 years were randomly assigned to a group receiving (a) ATP training (TOJ) over 14 days, (b) non-ATP training (intensity discrimination) over 14 days, or (c) no training. Results The data showed that TOJ training elicited improvement in all speech perception tests, which was accompanied by increased self-efficacy. Neither improvement in speech perception nor self-efficacy was evident following non-ATP training or no training. Conclusions There was no generalization of the improvement resulting from TOJ training to intensity discrimination or generalization of improvement resulting from intensity discrimination training to speech perception. These findings imply that the effect of TOJ training on speech perception is specific and such improvement is not simply the product of generally improved auditory perception. It provides support for the idea that temporal properties of speech are indeed crucial for speech perception. Clinically, the findings suggest that aging adults can be trained to improve their speech perception, specifically through computer-based auditory training, and this may improve perceived self-efficacy.

Framework for rare event detection using Artificial Neural Network based context free grammar

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8463-8475
Author(s):  
Palanivel Srinivasan ◽  
Manivannan Doraipandian
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Event Detection ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Rare Events ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Context Free Grammar ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Context Free

Rare event detections are performed using spatial domain and frequency domain-based procedures. Omnipresent surveillance camera footages are increasing exponentially due course the time. Monitoring all the events manually is an insignificant and more time-consuming process. Therefore, an automated rare event detection contrivance is required to make this process manageable. In this work, a Context-Free Grammar (CFG) is developed for detecting rare events from a video stream and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to train CFG. A set of dedicated algorithms are used to perform frame split process, edge detection, background subtraction and convert the processed data into CFG. The developed CFG is converted into nodes and edges to form a graph. The graph is given to the input layer of an ANN to classify normal and rare event classes. Graph derived from CFG using input video stream is used to train ANN Further the performance of developed Artificial Neural Network Based Context-Free Grammar – Rare Event Detection (ACFG-RED) is compared with other existing techniques and performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, recall, average processing time and average processing power are used for performance estimation and analyzed. Better performance metrics values have been observed for the ANN-CFG model compared with other techniques. The developed model will provide a better solution in detecting rare events using video streams.

Saussurelaisen kielikäsityksen kritiikki

Virittäjä ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Laasanen
Keyword(s):  
Communication System ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Continuous Speech ◽  
Language Bias ◽  
Context Free ◽  
Ontological Concept

Artikkeli käsittelee saussurelaista kielikäsitystä kohtaan esitettyä kritiikkiä. Artikkelin tavoitteena on puolustaa saussurelaista kielikäsitystä ja esittää Saussure moni-puolisempana ajattelijana kuin mitä Kurssin vahvasti strukturalisesta luennasta voisi päätellä. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan käsitystä kielestä järjestelmänä (Saussuren langue), kontekstivapaata merkitystä, kirjoitetun kielen vääristymää (written language bias), Roy Harrisin kielimyyttiä sekä kielen dynaamisuutta. Artikkelissa esitetään, että langue on sekä metodologinen että ontologinen käsite, joka viittaa sekä kielen järjestäytymättömiin sääntöihin että kielitieteilijän niistä luomaan järjestelmään. Kontekstivapaan merkityksen osalta korostetaan sitä, että jonkinlainen merkityksen pysyvyys on välttämätön osa kieltä kommunikaatiojärjestelmänä. Artikkelissa argumentoidaan kirjoitetun kielen vääristymän vahvaa muotoa vastaan, jonka mukaan esimerkiksi puheen analysoiminen diskreeteiksi yksiköiksi johtuu kirjoitetun kielen vaikutuksesta. Harrisin kielimyytin osalta esitetään, että kyse ei ole Saussuren näkemyksistä vaan Harrisin tulkinnoista. Artikkelissa esitetään myös, että dynaamisuus ei ole yhteensopimaton käsite saussurelaisen kielikäsityksen kanssa.   On the critique of the Saussurean concept of language: some perspectives and counter-arguments The article deals with the critique of the Saussurean concept of language. The purpose of the article is to defend the Saussurean concept of language and to present Saussure as a more versatile thinker than may be assumed from a purely structuralist reading of Course. The article discusses the concept of language as a system (Saussure’s langue), the notion of context-free meaning, the so-called written-language bias, Roy Harris’ language myth, and the notion of dynamicity in language in relation to the Saussurean concept of language. The article begins by arguing that langue is both a methodological and an ontological concept that refers both to the unorganised rules of language and to the system of language rules as organised by the linguist. Second, the author asserts that some kind of permanence of meaning is essential to the concept of language as a communication system. Third, an argument is presented against the strong form of written-language bias, according to which, for instance, the analysis and reduction of continuous speech into discrete units is based on the model of written language. Fourth, the author posits that the language myth, developed by Harris, is not based on Saussure’s views but on Harris’ interpretation of Saussure’s views. The article ends with the contention that the notion of dynamicity is not incompatible with the Saussurean concept of language.

Bayesian Inference in Human Time Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.

PrePrint - Exploring Perceptions of Meaningful Relationships

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataly Beribisky ◽  
Heather Davidson ◽  
Rob Cribbie
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Meaningful Relationships ◽  
Context Free

Researchers often need to consider the practical significance of a relationship. For example, interpreting the magnitude of an effect size or establishing bounds in equivalence testing requires knowledge of the meaningfulness of a relationship. However, there has been little research exploring the degree of relationship among variables (e.g., correlation, mean difference) necessary for an association to be interpreted as meaningful or practically significant. In this study, we presented statistically trained and untrained participants with a collection of figures that displayed varying degrees of mean difference between groups or correlations among variables and participants indicated whether or not each relationship was meaningful. The results suggest that statistically trained and untrained participants differ in their qualification of a meaningful relationship, and that there is significant variability in how large a relationship must be before it is labeled meaningful. The results also shed some light on what degree of relationship is considered meaningful by individuals in a context-free setting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document