scholarly journals The human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Ioannis A. Charitos ◽  
Domenico M. Carretta ◽  
Emanuele De Nitto ◽  
Roberto Lovero
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractIn humans, coronaviruses can cause infections of the respiratory system, with damage of varying severity depending on the virus examined: ranging from mild-to-moderate upper respiratory tract diseases, such as the common cold, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. Human coronaviruses known to date, common throughout the world, are seven. The most common—and least harmful—ones were discovered in the 1960s and cause a common cold. Others, more dangerous, identified in the early 2000s and cause more severe respiratory tract infections. Among these the SARS-CoV, isolated in 2003 and responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (the so-called SARS), which appeared in China in November 2002, the coronavirus 2012 (2012-nCoV) cause of the Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) from coronavirus, which exploded in June 2012 in Saudi Arabia, and actually SARS-CoV-2. On December 31, 2019, a new coronavirus strain was reported in Wuhan, China, identified as a new coronavirus beta strain ß-CoV from group 2B, with a genetic similarity of approximately 70% to SARS-CoV, the virus responsible of SARS. In the first half of February, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), in charge of the designation and naming of the viruses (i.e., species, genus, family, etc.), thus definitively named the new coronavirus as SARS-CoV-2. This article highlights the main knowledge we have about the biomolecular and pathophysiologic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals The Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Santacroce ◽  
Ioannis A. Charitos ◽  
Domenico M. Carretta ◽  
Emanuele De Nitto ◽  
Roberto Lovero
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Tract Infections

In humans, coronaviruses can cause infections of the respiratory system, with damage of varying severity depending on the virus examined: ranging from mild or moderate upper respiratory tract diseases, such as the common cold, to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Human coronaviruses known to date, common throughout the world, are seven. The most common - and least harmful - ones were discovered in the 1960s and cause a common cold. Others, more dangerous, were identified in the early 2000s and cause more severe respiratory tract infections. Among these the SARS-CoV, isolated in 2003 and responsible for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (the so-called SARS), which appeared in China in November 2002, the Coronavirus 2012 (2012-nCoV) cause of the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome from Coronavirus (MERS), which exploded in June 2012 in Saudi Arabia, and actually SARS-CoV-2. On December 31, 2019, a new Coronavirus strain was reported in Wuhan, China, identified as a new Coronavirus beta strain ß-CoV from Group 2B, with a genetic similarity of approximately 70% to SARS-CoV, the virus responsible. of SARS. In the first half of February, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), in charge of the designation and naming of the viruses (i.e., species, genus, family, etc.), thus definitively named the new coronavirus as SARS-CoV-2. This article highlights the main knowledge we have about the biomolecular and pathophysiologic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals BRIEF FACTS ABOUT COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and DETAILS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Human Coronavirus 229E

Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32 kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections

scholarly journals Brief Facts about COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Human Coronavirus 229E

Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32 kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections

Respiratory viruses

2011 ◽  
pp. 208-211
Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

15.1 Rhinovirus, 209 15.2 Influenza, 210 15.3 Parainfluenza, 211 15.4 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 211 • There are more than 100 different serotypes of rhinovirus. • Rhinovirus is chiefly limited to upper respiratory tract infections and is the major cause of the common cold....

scholarly journals Introducing Covid-19 as an Evolutionary Metabolic Infecious Disease (EMID): The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Introduction: Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae; order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections. Discussions & Results: Based on our multidisciplinary research, we have found the major cause and some treatments methods for fighting this powerful pathogen. The prime cause of COVID-19 is pushing the mitochondrial to lose MMP. A loss of the MMP by any mechanism leads to functional and structural collapse of the mitochondria and cell death. Mitophagy plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, but can also eliminate healthy mitochondria in cases such as cell starvation, viral invasion, and erythroid cell differentiation. The mitochondrial fusion and fission are highly dynamic. Viruses specially COVID-19, interfere with these processes to distort mitochondrial dynamic to facilitate their proliferation. Thus, interfering with these processes promotes the interference of different cellular signaling pathways. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) escapes the innate immune response by translocating its ORF-9b to mitochondria and promotes proteosomal degradation of dynamin-like protein (Drp1) leading to mitochondrial fission. We also researched on Ultrasonic Energy to destroy the virus which leads to positive results but it needs more future research. The most destructive way of viruses is to enhance Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and free radicals in human contaminated cell which cause inflammation in a host cell. ELF-EMF converts free radicals into less active molecules and eliminates them into two pathways which have been discussed in the discussion part. Using ELF-EMF affects the second pathway that relies on the activity of the catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes which is the most effective pathway. For the best result of treatment, is the use of lowfrequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF-ELF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequencyof the virus is 30 KHz-500 KHz. Conclusion: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most complex viruses which have been discovered since 2020. Until today, there has been no Antiviral Drug which can be useful in the treatment of this infectious disease has been discovered till today. COVID-19 genomic sequence containing SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Influenza A. Therefore; there is a high possibility of continuing COVID-19 even in summer. To gain the best result in treatment, we should use low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria in order to reduce ROS and Inflammation. In order to destroy SARS-CoV-2 virus in environment and also in infected individuals, we should use ELF-EMF plus LFMF. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, it can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus that id is 30 KHz-500 KHz. The differences in the frequencies are due to the size of the virus which is from 26 to 32 Kilobases.

Misconceptions and Malpractices Toward Antibiotic Use in Childhood Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Among a Cohort of Lebanese Parents

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada El Khoury ◽  
Elsy Ramia ◽  
Pascale Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global health threat. Misuse and abuse of antibiotics are of particular concern in the pediatric population. Since management of childhood illnesses depends considerably on parents’ perceptions, the objectives of this study were to report parents’ perspectives and assess their practices toward antibiotics used for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. Using a cross-sectional design, anonymous structured questionnaires were completed by 1,037 parents in public and private schools across Lebanon’s largest governorate. Descriptive statistics were used to report participants’ responses. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors affecting knowledge and malpractice related to antibiotic use. Significant misconceptions and malpractices were identified among parents. For instance, 33.9% of parents considered that antibiotics are helpful in treating common cold among children and 36.2% believed antibiotics expedite the recovery of their child with common cold infection. Moreover, there was a lack of knowledge concerning antibiotic coverage, since 37.9% of the respondents believed that antibiotics treat viral infections and 21.5% were neutral toward this question. Around 20% of the participants believed they can reduce the dose of antibiotics if the child gets better. Significant factors associated with poor knowledge and misuses were parents’ lower educational and socioeconomic levels. Despite extensive evidence on the limited role of antibiotics in URTIs, parents in Lebanon continue to misuse them. More concerted efforts are needed to improve parents’ knowledge and practices with regard to the rational use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Features associated with SARS-COV-2 positivity among people presenting with acute respiratory tract infections to public Hospitals in Harari region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110627
Author(s):  
Abdi Birhanu ◽  
Galana Mamo Ayana ◽  
Miesso Bayu ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed ◽  
Yadeta Dessie
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Despite investigating coronavirus among respiratory tract infected cases is a top priority to prevent further transmission, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positivity among this group of patients remains unexplored in resource-limited settings. Therefore, this study intended to assess the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positivity among patients presenting with acute respiratory tract infection from 1 July to 31 December 2020 in Harar Region, Ethiopia, from 15 February to 10 March 2021. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was used. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was tested by assaying oropharyngeal swabs using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction among patients presenting with acute respiratory tract infection in Harari Public Hospitals. A binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positivity with an adjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. Results: Out of a total of 1692 study participants, 388 (22.9%) of them tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Of these severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positive patients, 364 (21.6%) patients presented with lower respiratory tract infection, while the rest only 24 (1.4%) presented with upper respiratory tract infection. Independent variables included separated/divorced in marital status (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29–0.95), presenting with cough, fever, and difficulty of breathing (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.22–4.7), age group of 30–39 years (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.15–0.79), 40–49 years (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14–0.94), and 50–59 years (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.13–0.76) compared to patients with the age of ⩾ 60 years, had statistically significant association with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positivity. Conclusion: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was positive among 388 (22.9%) acute respiratory tract infected people. Elder age, particular symptoms, such as cough, fever, and difficulty of breathing, and married marital status were associated with a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 positive test. In resource-limited setups, where a shortage of testing equipment is common, these findings could contribute to boosting targeted symptom-oriented screening schemes. Moreover, this study could have paramount clinical importance for further studies in the country.

scholarly journals Pattern and Appropriateness of Antimicrobial Prescriptions for Upper Respiratory Tract and Dental Infections in Male Prisoners in Italy

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1419
Author(s):  
Gabriella Di Di Giuseppe ◽  
Raffaele Lanzano ◽  
Armando Silvestro ◽  
Francesco Napolitano ◽  
Maria Pavia
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Dental Infections ◽  
Irreversible Pulpitis ◽  
Antimicrobial Prescription

Background: This study explored the antimicrobial prescribing pattern for upper respiratory tract and dental infections in prisoners in Italy, with specific attention paid to the appropriateness of indication and its potential determinants. Methods: This investigation was conducted through the consultation of clinical records of adult male inmates in a prison in the south of Italy. Results: Prescription of antimicrobials for upper respiratory tract infections ranged from 41.9% in influenza diagnoses to 88% in pharyngitis diagnoses, with high prevalence also for bronchitis (73.5%) and common cold (57.7%), and those for dental infections ranged from 82% in pulp necrosis and symptomatic apical periodontitis/pulp necrosis and localized acute apical abscess diagnoses, to 85.7% in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with or without symptomatic apical periodontitis diagnoses. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial was amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (33.8%), followed by amoxicillin (26.5%), macrolides (19.8%) and third-generation cephalosporins (7.9%). The overall antimicrobial overprescription was 69.4%, whereas an antimicrobial prescription was provided in all 52 cases in which it was indicated. The inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions were significantly less likely for bronchitis, influenza and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with or without symptomatic apical periodontitis compared to common cold/pharyngitis/rhinosinusitis, and when the antimicrobial prescription was provided by medical specialists compared to prison physicians, whereas antimicrobial overprescriptions without indications were significantly more frequent in patients with underlying chronic clinical conditions. Conclusions: A concerning widespread practice of inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions in prisoners was found. Diagnoses-specific monitoring of antimicrobial use and prison-focused antimicrobial stewardship policies are strongly needed.

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