Microfibril angle, crystalline characteristics, and chemical compounds of reaction wood in stem wood of Pinus densiflora

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
Byantara Darsan Purusatama ◽  
Jung Kee Choi ◽  
Seung Hwan Lee ◽  
Nam Hun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Stem Wood

Cross-field pitting characteristics of compression, lateral, and opposite wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Byantara Darsan Purusatama ◽  
Nam Hun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract The characteristics of cross-field pitting among compression wood, lateral wood, and opposite wood, in the stem woods of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In Ginkgo biloba, compression wood exhibited piceoid pits, while lateral and opposite wood exhibited cupressoid pits. The compression wood of Pinus densiflora exhibited cupressoid pits and piceoid pits, while lateral wood and opposite wood exhibited pinoid and window-like pits in the cross-field. In both species, compression wood yielded the smallest pit number among each part, while opposite wood yielded the greatest pit number per cross-field. Cross-field pitting diameters of compression wood and opposite wood were significantly smaller than lateral wood in Ginkgo biloba, while the cross-field pitting of compression wood was the smallest in Pinus densiflora. Radial tracheid diameter of compression wood was slightly smaller than lateral and opposite wood in Ginkgo biloba and significantly smaller than lateral and opposite wood in Pinus densiflora. In conclusion, the cross-field pitting type, pit number, and cross-field pitting diameter could be used to identify reaction wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora.

Carbonization of reaction wood from Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus densiflora branch woods

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qi ◽  
Jae-Hyuk Jang ◽  
Wahyu Hidayat ◽  
Ae-Hee Lee ◽  
Seung-Hwan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Paulownia Tomentosa

TENSION WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD IN VESSEL-LESS TETRACENTRON SINENSE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Aiso ◽  
F. Ishiguri ◽  
T. Ohkubo ◽  
S. Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Special Function ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Tetracentron Sinense

The objective of this study is to clarify the anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of reaction wood in a vessel-less angiosperm species, Tetracentron sinense Oliv. Sample disks (1 cm in thickness) were collected from three different positions of a Tetracentron sinense tree. Cell morphologies, the microfibril angle (MFA) in the S2 layer, lignin distribution, and lignin content were measured. There was neither a gelatinous (G-)layer nor an S3 layer on the upper side of inclined samples. However, the secondary wall of the normal tracheids was only weakly stained by Mäule and phloroglucinol-HCl. MFA in the S2 layer and lignin content decreased on the upper side of inclined samples. This qualifies the reaction wood of Tetracentron as “tension wood-like”. The so-called “unusual tracheids”, typical for the wood of Tetracentron, showed weaker changes in their anatomical and chemical characteristics in reaction wood than normal tracheids, indicating their special function in water transport. It is hypothesized that vessel-less angiosperms rich in syringyl units in their lignin, produce tension wood-like reaction wood on the upper side of inclined stems or branches, with lower MFA and lignin content in their normal tracheid walls, irrespective of whether a typical G-layer is formed or not.

MICROFIBRIL ANGLES IN THE ROOT WOOD OF PINUS RADIATA AND PINUS NIGRA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junji Matsumura ◽  
Brian G. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Angle Change ◽  
Wood Tracheid

Microfibril angles of the S2 layer and tracheid lengths were measured in the root wood of Pinus nigra, and the root and stem wood of Pinus radiata. Within 10 mm (the first 2–3 growth rings) from the root centre, microfibril angles were large in the wood of both species, ranging from 25° to 40°. Beyond 10 mm (the fourth growth ring and beyond) from the root centre, microfibril angles were small. This pattern of microfibril angle change in root wood differs from those normally found in stems where angles are large until the 10–15th rings. Root wood tracheid length also showed a different pattern in radial direction from that normally observed in stem wood. Tracheids of Pinus radiata root wood were long in the first ring, decreasing to the third ring and then increased to the seventh ring. Beyond the seventh ring tracheid length was stable at around 3 to 3.5 mm. It was noted that microfibril angles were not influenced by tracheid length in root wood.

scholarly journals The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Tobias ◽  
Spokevicius ◽  
McFarlane ◽  
Bossinger
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Cellulose Deposition ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril Angle

Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).

Quantification of slip planes in the stem wood of Eucalyptus grandis

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Jordão Cabral Moulin ◽  
José Tarcísio Lima
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Slip Plane ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Plane Angle ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Stress Region ◽  
Slip Planes

AbstractThe objective of this work was to analyze the natural occurrence of slip planes (SPs) inEucalyptus grandiswood fibers in terms of their characterization, distribution in the stem and associations with other wood characteristics. A 28-year-oldE. grandiswas studied, whose stems were sampled in the base-top direction. The longitudinal compressive stress regions (LCompSR, in the inner part of the stem) and longitudinal tensile stress region (LTensSR, in the outer parts of the stem) were separately considered. The following parameters were measured: microfibril angle (MFA), slip plane angle (SPA), number of SPs per millimeter (SP mm−1), slip plane index (SPI) and the relative abundance of SP in the fiber. The SPAs differ only slightly between LCompSR (76°) and LTensSR (77°). The base of the stem, which supports a larger mass, contains the most SPs and the number of SPs decreases from the base to the top. In the LCompSR, the SPI reduction was from 21 to 8%, and in the LTensSR, from 18 to 7%.

A Study of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Globulus Branch wood Microstructure

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Washusen ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Simon Southerton
Keyword(s):  
Tension Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Cellulose Crystallite ◽  
Branch Wood

Experimental measurements of cellulose crystallite width and microfibril angle (MFA) by X-ray diffractometry on SilviScan-2 and by conventional microtechniques revealed that the branch wood of the two species exhibited very similar trends in cellulose crystallite width and MFA. Cellulose crystallite width was greater on the upper side of the branches. Tension wood, as defined by the occurrence of gelatinous fibres, was found where cellulose crystallite width was greater than 3.0 nm and 3.1 nm in Eucalyptus grandis and E. globulus respectively. In the tension wood zones, MFA was lower than in the rest of the samples and so could be used to differentiate tension wood. On the lower side of the branches MFA determined from X-ray diffractometry unexpectedly exceeded 40° and fibres were often buckled in both the tangential and radial directions in both species. This local variation in the direction of the fibre axes contributed only slightly to the magnitude of the MFA determined by SilviScan-2. Even given this misalignment, the additional evidence gained from pit angles and cracks in fibre walls suggested that the MFA was indeed around 40° in the lower radius of the branches. This MFA is considerably larger than would be expected for eucalypt stem wood and it is suggested that opposite wood in eucalypt branches may provide a complimentary structural role to that of the tension wood. Experimental measurements of crystallite width produced by SilviScan-2 may be used to accurately locate tension wood zones in both species.

Reaction Wood Anatomy in a Vessel-Less Angiosperm Sarcandra Glabra

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Guaiacyl Lignin

Anatomy and lignin distribution in artificially inclined stems of Sarcandra glabra were investigated to clarify the characteristics of reaction wood (RW) in a vessel-less angiosperm species. Of the five coppiced stems studied from a single tree, two stems were fixed straight and classified as normal wood (NW) and the remaining three stems were inclined at 50 degrees from the vertical to induce the formation of the RW. Compared with NW, the lower side of the inclined samples had a relatively high compressive surface-released strain and an increase in the microfibril angle of the S2 layer of tracheids. However, no significant change was observed in the length or cell wall thickness of the tracheids. The results of Wiesner and Mäule colour reactions indicated that the amount of guaiacyl lignin in the cell walls of tracheids was increased in RW. It appears that RW in Sarcandra is formed on the lower side of inclined stems, and its anatomical characteristics and chemical composition are similar to those of the compression wood (CW) found in gymnosperm species (the so-called “CW-like RW” type).

ECCENTRIC GROWTH AND GROWTH STRESS IN INCLINED STEMS OF GNETUM GNEMON

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Shirai ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Mikuri Inatsugu ◽  
Chisato Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Gnetum Gnemon ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Gnetum gnemon L. (Gnetales) forms hardwood-like secondary xylem in its trunks and branches although it is a gymnosperm. The present study tested the surface growth stress in relation to anatomical and chemical properties of the secondary xylem in inclined and vertical stems of G. gnemon using morphological and chemical composition analyses. Secondary growth was promoted on the upper half of the cross section in an inclined stem; at the same time, tensile growth stress increased on the upper side and decreased on the lower side of the inclined stem. However, formation of reaction wood fibers was not detected on either side. The microfibril angle was associated with differences in tensile growth stress. Thus, we conclude that negative gravitropism in G. gnemon is caused by a synergistic effect of increased tensile growth stress as well as the promotion of secondary growth on the upper side of the inclined stem. Our results are comparable to the negative gravitropism observed in the family Magnoliaceae, which does not form gelatinous fibers in its tension wood.

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