Phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri at 0°C

Polar Biology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Borges ◽  
Laércio Porto-Neto ◽  
Maria Mangiaterra ◽  
Bernard Jensch-Junior ◽  
José da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sterechinus Neumayeri ◽  
The Antarctic

Metabolic importance of Na+/K+-ATPase activity during sea urchin development.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (22) ◽  
pp. 2881-2892 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Leong ◽  
D Manahan
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Lytechinus Pictus ◽  
Stimulation Of

Early stages of animal development have high mass-specific rates of metabolism. The biochemical processes that establish metabolic rate and how these processes change during development are not understood. In this study, changes in Na+/K+-ATPase activity (the sodium pump) and rate of oxygen consumption were measured during embryonic and early larval development for two species of sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus. Total (in vitro) Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased during development and could potentially account for up to 77 % of larval oxygen consumption in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (pluteus stage) and 80 % in Lytechinus pictus (prism stage). The critical issue was addressed of what percentage of total enzyme activity is physiologically active in living embryos and larvae and thus what percentage of metabolism is established by the activity of the sodium pump during development. Early developmental stages of sea urchins are ideal for understanding the in vivo metabolic importance of Na+/K+-ATPase because of their small size and high permeability to radioactive tracers (86Rb+) added to sea water. A comparison of total and in vivo Na+/K+-ATPase activities revealed that approximately half of the total activity was utilized in vivo. The remainder represented a functionally active reserve that was subject to regulation, as verified by stimulation of in vivo Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the presence of the ionophore monensin. In the presence of monensin, in vivo Na+/K+-ATPase activities in embryos of S. purpuratus increased to 94 % of the maximum enzyme activity measured in vitro. Stimulation of in vivo Na+/K+-ATPase activity was also observed in the presence of dissolved alanine, presumably due to the requirement to remove the additional intracellular Na+ that was cotransported with alanine from sea water. The metabolic cost of maintaining the ionic balance was found to be high, with this process alone accounting for 40 % of the metabolic rate of sea urchin larvae (based on the measured fraction of total Na+/K+-ATPase that is physiologically active in larvae of S. purpuratus). Ontogenetic changes in pump activity and environmentally induced regulation of reserve Na+/K+-ATPase activity are important factors that determine a major proportion of the metabolic costs of sea urchin development.

UHF-1, a factor required for maximal transcription of early and late sea urchin histone H4 genes: analysis of promoter-binding sites

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1048-1061
Author(s):  
I J Lee ◽  
L Tung ◽  
D A Bumcrot ◽  
E S Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Binding Site ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Transcriptional Start Site ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
Dnase I ◽  
Histone H4 ◽  
Band Shift

A protein, denoted UHF-1, was found to bind upstream of the transcriptional start site of both the early and late H4 (EH4 and LH4) histone genes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. A nuclear extract from hatching blastulae contained proteins that bind to EH4 and LH4 promoter fragments in a band shift assay and produced sharp DNase I footprints upstream of the EH4 gene (from -133 to -106) and the LH4 gene (from -94 to -66). DNase I footprinting performed in the presence of EH4 and LH4 promoter competitor DNAs indicated that UHF-1 binds more strongly to the EH4 site. A sequence match of 11 of 13 nucleotides was found within the two footprinted regions: [sequence: see text]. Methylation interference and footprinting experiments showed that UHF-1 bound to the two sites somewhat differently. DNA-protein UV cross-linking studies indicated that UHF-1 has an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels of approximately 85 kDa and suggested that additional proteins, specific to each promoter, bind to each site. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to demonstrate that the UHF-1-binding site is essential for maximal transcription of the H4 genes. Deletion of the EH4 footprinted region resulted in a 3-fold decrease in transcription in a nuclear extract and a 2.6-fold decrease in expression in morulae from templates that had been injected into eggs. In the latter case, deletion of the binding site did not grossly disrupt the temporal program of expression from the injected EH4 genes. LH4 templates containing a 10-bp deletion in the consensus region or base substitutions in the footprinted region were transcribed at 14 to 58% of the level of the wild-type LH4 template. UHF-1 is therefore essential for maximal expression of the early and late H4 genes.

scholarly journals Expression pattern of heat shock proteins during acute thermal stress in the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina González ◽  
Juan Gaitán-Espitia ◽  
Alejandro Font ◽  
César A. Cárdenas ◽  
Marcelo González-Aravena
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sterechinus Neumayeri ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
The Antarctic

Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri

Polar Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bergami ◽  
A. Krupinski Emerenciano ◽  
M. González-Aravena ◽  
C. A. Cárdenas ◽  
P. Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Polystyrene Nanoparticles ◽  
Sterechinus Neumayeri ◽  
The Antarctic

scholarly journals Ramalin, a Novel Phenyl Hydrazide from the Lichen Ramalina Terebrata; Isolation, Total Synthesis and Biological Activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Durga Prasad Pandey ◽  
Hari Datta Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Industrial Scale Production

Ramalin, a new L-glutamic acid derivative of phenylhydrazide (Y-glutamyl-N'-(2-hydroxyphenyl) hydrazide, 1) was isolated from the Antarctic lichen, Ramalina terebrata after a series of bioactivity guided fractionation of crude aqueous methanolic extract. Ramalin showed stronger antioxidant activities than commercially available standards, ascorbic acid, trolox, BHA, kojic acid in both, in vitro and in vivo test systems. In addition, ramalin showed no/less toxicity effects against two human cell lines; fibroblast (CCD-986SK) cells and keratinocyte (HaCaT). Thus, realign merits for cosmetic application and industrial scale production were needed. We developed a cost effective total synthesis of ramalin with 71.5% yield and described here.

On the food of the Antarctic sea anemone Urticinopsis antarctica Carlgren, 1927 (Actiniidae, Actiniaria, Anthozoa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Ivanova ◽  
S.D. Grebelnyi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Gastropod Species ◽  
Gastrovascular Cavity ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Sterechinus Neumayeri ◽  
The Family ◽  
Invertebrate Animals ◽  
The Antarctic

The results of an investigation into coelenteron content of the Antarctic sea anemone Urticinopsis antarctica Carlgren, 1927 are presented. Remains of invertebrate animals and fishes were found in the gastrovascular cavity of anemones. Some of them were damaged by digestion and were considered as food items of U. antarctica. These items were molluscs Addamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902), Laevilacunaria pumilia Smith, 1879, Eatoniella caliginosa Smith, 1875 and one not strictly identified gastropod species from the family Rissoidae; a crinoid from the family Comatulida; sea-urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner, 1900; ophiuroid Ophiurolepis brevirima Mortensen, 1936 and a fish Trematomus sp. In contrast to the prey mentioned above, three specimens of amphipods Conicostoma sp. were not destroyed by digestion. They may represent commensals, which live in the gastrovascular cavity of the anemone.

scholarly journals In Silico Analysis of Sea Urchin Pigments as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against SARS-CoV-2: Main Protease (Mpro) as a Target.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Rubilar ◽  
Elena Susana Barbieri ◽  
Ayelén Gázquez ◽  
Marisa Avaro ◽  
Mercedes Vera-Piombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
In Silico ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
In Silico Docking ◽  
Main Protease

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has spread rapidly and globally generating a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) since December 2019 that turned into a pandemic. Effective drugs are urgently needed and drug repurposing strategies offer a promising alternative to dramatically shorten the process of traditional de novo development. Based on their antiviral uses, the potential affinity of sea urchin pigments to bind main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated in silico. Docking analysis was used to test the potential of these sea urchin pigments as therapeutic and antiviral agents. All pigment compounds presented high molecular affinity to Mpro protein. However, the 1,4-naphtoquinones polihydroxilate (Spinochrome A and Echinochrome A) showed high affinity to bind around the Mpro´s pocket target by interfering with proper folding of the protein mainly through an H-bond with Glu166 residue. This interaction represents a potential blockage of this protease´s activity. All these results provide novel information regarding the uses of sea urchin pigments as antiviral drugs and suggest the need for further in vitro and in vivo analysis to expand all therapeutic uses against SARS-CoV-2. <br>

scholarly journals In Silico Analysis of Sea Urchin Pigments as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against SARS-CoV-2: Main Protease (Mpro) as a Target.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Rubilar ◽  
Elena Susana Barbieri ◽  
Ayelén Gázquez ◽  
Marisa Avaro ◽  
Mercedes Vera-Piombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
In Silico ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
In Silico Docking ◽  
Main Protease

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has spread rapidly and globally generating a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) since December 2019 that turned into a pandemic. Effective drugs are urgently needed and drug repurposing strategies offer a promising alternative to dramatically shorten the process of traditional de novo development. Based on their antiviral uses, the potential affinity of sea urchin pigments to bind main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated in silico. Docking analysis was used to test the potential of these sea urchin pigments as therapeutic and antiviral agents. All pigment compounds presented high molecular affinity to Mpro protein. However, the 1,4-naphtoquinones polihydroxilate (Spinochrome A and Echinochrome A) showed high affinity to bind around the Mpro´s pocket target by interfering with proper folding of the protein mainly through an H-bond with Glu166 residue. This interaction represents a potential blockage of this protease´s activity. All these results provide novel information regarding the uses of sea urchin pigments as antiviral drugs and suggest the need for further in vitro and in vivo analysis to expand all therapeutic uses against SARS-CoV-2. <br>

Cell-cell interactions regulate skeleton formation in the sea urchin embryo

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Armstrong ◽  
J. Hardin ◽  
D.R. McClay
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Sea Urchin Embryo ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells ◽  
Larval Skeleton ◽  
Skeleton Formation

In the sea urchin embryo, the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) make extensive contact with the ectoderm of the blastula wall. This contact is shown to influence production of the larval skeleton by the PMCs. A previous observation showed that treatment of embryos with NiCl2 can alter spicule number and skeletal pattern (Hardin et al. (1992) Development, 116, 671–685). Here, to explore the tissue sensitivity to NiCl2, experiments recombined normal or NiCl2-treated PMCs with either normal or NiCl2-treated PMC-less host embryos. We find that NiCl2 alters skeleton production by influencing the ectoderm of the blastula wall with which the PMCs interact. The ectoderm is responsible for specifying the number of spicules made by the PMCs. In addition, experiments examining skeleton production in vitro and in half- and quarter-sized embryos shows that cell interactions also influence skeleton size. PMCs grown in vitro away from interactions with the rest of the embryo, can produce larger spicules than in vivo. Thus, the epithelium of the blastula wall appears to provide spatial and scalar information that regulates skeleton production by the PMCs.

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