Growth, reproduction and survival of a tropical sea anemone (Actiniaria): benefits of hosting anemonefish

Coral Reefs ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Holbrook ◽  
R. J. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Tropical Sea

Proteinase inhibitors from the tropical sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus: Isolation and characteristic

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Sokotun ◽  
A. P. Il’ina ◽  
M. M. Monastyrnaya ◽  
E. V. Leychenko ◽  
A. A. Es’kov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Tropical Sea

Assessing the chronic toxicity of copper and aluminium to the tropical sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Trenfield ◽  
Joost W. van Dam ◽  
Andrew J. Harford ◽  
David Parry ◽  
Claire Streten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Tropical Sea ◽  
Exaiptasia Pallida

Biologically active polypeptides from the tropical sea anemone Radianthus macrodactylus

Toxicon ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1197-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita M Monastyrnaya ◽  
Tatyana A Zykova ◽  
Olga V Apalikova ◽  
Tatyana V Shwets ◽  
Emma P Kozlovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Tropical Sea

scholarly journals Tentacle patterning during Exaiptasia diaphana pedal lacerate development differs between symbiotic and aposymbiotic animals

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12770
Author(s):  
Jason S. Presnell ◽  
Elizabeth Wirsching ◽  
Virginia M. Weis
Keyword(s):  
Late Phase ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Model System ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Disc Regeneration ◽  
Algal Symbiosis ◽  
Single Pattern ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Tropical Sea

Exaiptasia diaphana, a tropical sea anemone known as Aiptasia, is a tractable model system for studying the cellular, physiological, and ecological characteristics of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Aiptasia is widely used as a proxy for coral-algal symbiosis, since both Aiptasia and corals form a symbiosis with members of the family Symbiodiniaceae. Laboratory strains of Aiptasia can be maintained in both the symbiotic (Sym) and aposymbiotic (Apo, without algae) states. Apo Aiptasia allow for the study of the influence of symbiosis on different biological processes and how different environmental conditions impact symbiosis. A key feature of Aiptasia is the ease of propagating both Sym and Apo individuals in the laboratory through a process called pedal laceration. In this form of asexual reproduction, small pieces of tissue rip away from the pedal disc of a polyp, then these lacerates eventually develop tentacles and grow into new polyps. While pedal laceration has been described in the past, details of how tentacles are formed or how symbiotic and nutritional state influence this process are lacking. Here we describe the stages of development in both Sym and Apo pedal lacerates. Our results show that Apo lacerates develop tentacles earlier than Sym lacerates, while over the course of 20 days, Sym lacerates end up with a greater number of tentacles. We describe both tentacle and mesentery patterning during lacerate development and show that they form through a single pattern in early stages regardless of symbiotic state. In later stages of development, Apo lacerate tentacles and mesenteries progress through a single pattern, while variable patterns were observed in Sym lacerates. We discuss how Aiptasia lacerate mesentery and tentacle patterning differs from oral disc regeneration and how these patterning events compare to postembryonic development in Nematostella vectensis, another widely-used sea anemone model. In addition, we demonstrate that Apo lacerates supplemented with a putative nutrient source developed an intermediate number of tentacles between un-fed Apo and Sym lacerates. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that pedal lacerates progress through two different, putatively nutrient-dependent phases of development. In the early phase, the lacerate, regardless of symbiotic state, preferentially uses or relies on nutrients carried over from the adult polyp. These resources are sufficient for lacerates to develop into a functional polyp. In the late phase of development, continued growth and tentacle formation is supported by nutrients obtained from either symbionts and/or the environment through heterotrophic feeding. Finally, we advocate for the implementation of pedal lacerates as an additional resource in the Aiptasia model system toolkit for studies of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.

Cellular mechanisms underlying temperature-induced bleaching in the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (20) ◽  
pp. 3443-3456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J. Sawyer ◽  
Leonard Muscatine
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphorylation ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Aiptasia Pulchella ◽  
Tropical Sea ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Temperature-induced bleaching in symbiotic cnidarians is a result of the detachment and loss of host cells containing symbiotic algae. We tested the hypothesis that host cell detachment is evoked through a membrane thermotropic event causing an increase in intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, which could then cause collapse of the cytoskeleton and perturb cell adhesion. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of plasma membranes from the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella and the Hawaiian coral Pocillopora damicornis labeled with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) revealed no membrane thermotropic event. In addition, intracellular imaging using Fura-2AM as well as labeling anemones with 45Ca revealed no significant change in [Ca2+]i. However, bleaching could be evoked at ambient temperature with 25 mmol l–1 caffeine without affecting [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i could be altered with ionomycin in isolated host cells, but ionomycin could not induce bleaching in A. pulchella. As caffeine can affect levels of intracellular protein phosphorylation, the ability of other agents that alter intracellular levels of protein phosphorylation to evoke bleaching was investigated. The protein phosphatase inhibitor vanadate could induce bleaching in A. pulchella. Two-dimensional gels of 32P-labeled proteins from cold-shocked, caffeine-treated and control anemones show that both temperature shock and caffeine alter the array of phosphorylated host soluble proteins. We conclude that cnidarian bleaching is linked to a temperature-induced alteration in protein phosphorylation.

Effects of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn on asexual reproduction and early development of the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella

Ecotoxicology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1593-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelli L. Howe ◽  
Amanda J. Reichelt-Brushett ◽  
Malcolm W. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Aiptasia Pulchella ◽  
Tropical Sea

Purification and partial characterization of two cytolysins from a tropical sea anemone, Heteractis magnifica

Toxicon ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1567-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kong Soo Khoo ◽  
Wai Kuen Kam ◽  
Hoon Eng Khoo ◽  
P. Gopalakrishnakone ◽  
Maxey C.M. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Partial Characterization ◽  
Heteractis Magnifica ◽  
Tropical Sea

scholarly journals Genomic signatures of sympatric speciation with historical and contemporary gene flow in a tropical anthozoan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Titus ◽  
Paul D. Blischak ◽  
Marymegan Daly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Contemporary Gene Flow ◽  
Cryptic Species Complex ◽  
Tropical Sea

AbstractSympatric diversification is increasingly thought to have played an important role in the evolution of biodiversity around the globe. However, an in situ sympatric origin for co-distributed taxa is difficult to demonstrate empirically because different evolutionary processes can lead to similar biogeographic outcomes-especially in ecosystems with few hard barriers to dispersal that can facilitate allopatric speciation followed by secondary contact (e.g. marine habitats). Here we use a genomic (ddRADseq), model-based approach to delimit a cryptic species complex of tropical sea anemones that are co-distributed on coral reefs throughout the Tropical Western Atlantic. We use coalescent simulations in fastsimcoal2 to test competing diversification scenarios that span the allopatric-sympatric continuum. We recover support that the corkscrew sea anemone Bartholomea annulata (Le Sueur, 1817) is a cryptic species complex, co-distributed throughout its range. Simulation and model selection analyses suggest these lineages arose in the face of historical and contemporary gene flow, supporting a sympatric origin, but an alternative secondary contact model also receives appreciable model support. Leveraging the genome of Exaiptasia pallida we identify five loci under divergent selection between cryptic B. annulata lineages that fall within mRNA transcripts or CDS regions. Our study provides a rare empirical, genomic example of sympatric speciation in a tropical anthozoan-a group that includes reef-building corals. Finally, these data represent the first range-wide molecular study of any tropical sea anemone, underscoring that anemone diversity is under described in the tropics, and highlighting the need for additional systematic studies into these ecologically and economically important species.

Uptake and assimilation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen by a symbiotic sea anemone

1984 ◽  
Vol 221 (1222) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase Activity ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Tropical Sea

The tropical sea anemone, Aiptasia pulchella , harbours symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae). Animals in their natural habitat in Hawaii and those maintained in the laboratory in Los Angeles took up ammonium from nutrient enriched seawater. That the uptake experiment was done in the dark did not influence uptake although prolonged (19 h) dark treatment caused the animals to release ammonium. Aposymbiotic anemones (lacking zooxanthellae) typically excreted ammonium in the light. Freshly isolated zooxanthellae were also able to deplete enriched seawater of ammonium, indicating that the capacity for uptake by the symbiosis is due to the zooxanthellae. Uptake rates of freshly isolated zooxanthellae exceeded those of zooxanthellae in symbiosis. There was evidence that uptake of ammonium follows diffusion kinetics rather than the Michaelis-Menten model, since there was no saturation component. Neither symbiotic A . pulchella nor their isolated algae were able to remove nitrate from enriched seawater, even when pretreated for 24 h or one month with 5 or 10 µm nitrate. Symbiotic anemones that were not fed zooplankton for a month, to reduce the internal pools of excretory ammonium, showed a slight ability to deplete the medium of nitrate. Enzymes involved in assimilation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were assayed in cell-free zooxanthellae extracts. Neither nitrate reductase nor glutamate synthase activity was found. There was glutamate dehydrogenase activity, with a K m for ammonium of 4—5 mm; K m for α-ketoglutarate of 5-7 mm. The zooxanthellae also showed glutamine synthetase activity with a K m for glutamate of 12.5 µM but exhibiting negative cooperativity with ammonium.

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