Three-dimensional vestibular eye and head reflexes of the chameleon: characteristics of gain and phase and effects of eye position on orientation of ocular rotation axes during stimulation in yaw direction

Previous studies have reported that the translational vestibuloocular reflex (TVOR) follows a three-dimensional (3D) kinematic behavior that is more similar to visually guided eye movements, like pursuit, rather than the rotational VOR (RVOR). Accordingly, TVOR rotation axes tilted with eye position toward an eye-fixed reference frame rather than staying relatively fixed in the head like in the RVOR. This difference arises because, contrary to the RVOR where peripheral image stability is functionally important, the TVOR like pursuit and saccades cares to stabilize images on the fovea. During most natural head and body movements, both VORs are simultaneously activated. In the present study, we have investigated in rhesus monkeys the 3D kinematics of the combined VOR during yaw rotation about eccentric axes. The experiments were motivated by and quantitatively compared with the predictions of two distinct hypotheses. According to the first (fixed-rule) hypothesis, an eye-position-dependent torsion is computed downstream of a site for RVOR/TVOR convergence, and the combined VOR axis would tilt through an angle that is proportional to gaze angle and independent of the relative RVOR/TVOR contributions to the total eye movement. This hypothesis would be consistent with the recently postulated mechanical constraints imposed by extraocular muscle pulleys. According to the second (image-stabilization) hypothesis, an eye-position-dependent torsion is computed separately for the RVOR and the TVOR components, implying a processing that takes place upstream of a site for RVOR/TVOR convergence. The latter hypothesis is based on the functional requirement that the 3D kinematics of the combined VOR should be governed by the need to keep images stable on the fovea with slip on the peripheral retina being dependent on the different functional goals of the two VORs. In contrast to the fixed-rule hypothesis, the data demonstrated a variable eye-position-dependent torsion for the combined VOR that was different for synergistic versus antagonistic RVOR/TVOR interactions. Furthermore, not only were the eye-velocity tilt slopes of the combined VOR as much as 10 times larger than what would be expected based on extraocular muscle pulley location, but also eye velocity during antagonistic RVOR/TVOR combinations often tilted opposite to gaze. These results are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the image-stabilization hypothesis, suggesting that the eye-position-dependent torsion is computed separately for the RVOR and the TVOR and that the 3D kinematics of the combined VOR are dependent on functional rather than mechanical constraints.

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Combined Influence of Vergence and Eye Position on Three-Dimensional Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in the Monkey

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00796.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 2368-2376 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. Misslisch ◽

B.J.M. Hess

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Head Rotation ◽

Eye Position ◽

Near Vision ◽

Ocular Reflex ◽

Rotation Axes ◽

Eye Rotation ◽

Visual Background ◽

Vestibulo Ocular Reflex ◽

Head Rotations

This study examined two kinematical features of the rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) of the monkey in near vision. First, is there an effect of eye position on the axes of eye rotation during yaw, pitch and roll head rotations when the eyes are converged to fixate near targets? Second, do the three-dimensional positions of the left and right eye during yaw and roll head rotations obey the binocular extension of Listing's law (L2), showing eye position planes that rotate temporally by a quarter as far as the angle of horizontal vergence? Animals fixated near visual targets requiring 17 or 8.5° vergence and placed at straight ahead, 20° up, down, left, or right during yaw, pitch, and roll head rotations at 1 Hz. The 17° vergence experiments were performed both with and without a structured visual background, the 8.5° vergence experiments with a visual background only. A 40° horizontal change in eye position never influenced the axis of eye rotation produced by the VOR during pitch head rotation. Eye position did not affect the VOR eye rotation axes, which stayed aligned with the yaw and roll head rotation axes, when torsional gain was high. If torsional gain was low, eccentric eye positions produced yaw and roll VOR eye rotation axes that tilted somewhat in the directions predicted by Listing's law, i.e., with or opposite to gaze during yaw or roll. These findings were seen in both visual conditions and in both vergence experiments. During yaw and roll head rotations with a 40° vertical change in gaze, torsional eye position followed on average the prediction of L2: the left eye showed counterclockwise (ex-) torsion in down gaze and clockwise (in-) torsion in up gaze and vice versa for the right eye. In other words, the left and right eye's position plane rotated temporally by about a quarter of the horizontal vergence angle. Our results indicate that torsional gain is the central mechanism by which the brain adjusts the retinal image stabilizing function of the VOR both in far and near vision and the three dimensional eye positions during yaw and roll head rotations in near vision follow on average the predictions of L2, a kinematic pattern that is maintained by the saccadic/quick phase system.

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Crosstalk Minimization Method for Eye-tracking-based 3D Display

Journal of Imaging Science and Technology ◽

10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2020.64.6.060407 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Seok Lee ◽

Juyong Park ◽

Dongkyung Nam

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Processing Method ◽

Eye Position ◽

Relative Location ◽

3D Display ◽

Minimization Method ◽

3D Crosstalk ◽

Pixel Value

In this article, the authors present an image processing method to reduce three-dimensional (3D) crosstalk for eye-tracking-based 3D display. Specifically, they considered 3D pixel crosstalk and offset crosstalk and applied different approaches based on its characteristics. For 3D pixel crosstalk which depends on the viewer’s relative location, they proposed output pixel value weighting scheme based on viewer’s eye position, and for offset crosstalk they subtracted luminance of crosstalk components according to the measured display crosstalk level in advance. By simulations and experiments using the 3D display prototypes, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of proposed method.

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Chloridobis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)copper(I) hexahydrate

Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online ◽

10.1107/s160053680700791x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. m826-m828 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Zhong ◽

X.-R. Zeng ◽

X.-M. Yang ◽

Q.-Y. Luo ◽

S.-Z. Xiao

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Stacking Interactions ◽

Coordination Geometry ◽

Rotation Axes ◽

Trigonal Bipyramidal ◽

Distorted Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination ◽

Cl Atom ◽

Phenanthroline Ligands ◽

Distorted Trigonal Bipyramidal

The CuI atom in the title complex, [CuCl(C12H8N2)2]·6H2O, exists in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry defined by one Cl atom and four N atoms of two 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework by O—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. Four water molecules lie on crystallographic twofold rotation axes.

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Iodo-nitroarenesulfonamides: interplay of hard and soft hydrogen bonds, I...O interactions and aromatic π...π stacking interactions

Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science ◽

10.1107/s0108768101016858 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 94-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Craig J. Kelly ◽

Janet M. S. Skakle ◽

James L. Wardell ◽

Solange M. S. V. Wardell ◽

John N. Low ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Bond ◽

Hydrogen Bonds ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Stacking Interactions ◽

Asymmetric Unit ◽

Space Group ◽

Rotation Axes ◽

Π Stacking ◽

Structural Database ◽

A Chain

Molecules of N-(4′-iodophenylsulfonyl)-4-nitroaniline, 4-O2NC6H4NHSO2C6H4I-4′ (1), are linked by three-centre I...O2N interactions into chains and these chains are linked into a three-dimensional framework by C—H...O hydrogen bonds. In the isomeric N-(4′-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-iodoaniline, 4-IC6H4NHSO2C6H4NO2-4′ (2), the chains generated by the I...O2N interactions are again linked into a three-dimensional framework by C—H...O hydrogen bonds. Molecules of N,N-bis(3′-nitrophenylsulfonyl)-4-iodoaniline, 4-IC6H4N(SO2C6H4NO2-3′)2 (3), lie across twofold rotation axes in space group C2/c and they are linked into chains by paired I...O=S interactions: these chains are linked into sheets by a C—H...O hydrogen bond, and the sheets are linked into a three-dimensional framework by aromatic π...π stacking interactions. In N-(4′-iodophenylsulfonyl)-3-nitroaniline, 3-O2NC6H4NHSO2C6H4I-4′ (4), there are R^2_2(8) rings formed by hard N—H...O=S hydrogen bonds and R^2_2(24) rings formed by two-centre I...nitro interactions, which together generate a chain of fused rings: the combination of a C—H...O hydrogen bond and aromatic π...π stacking interactions links the chains into sheets. Molecules of N-(4′-iodophenylsulfonyl)-4-methyl-2-nitroaniline, 4-CH3-2-O2NC6H3NHSO2C6H4I-4′ (5), are linked by N—H...O=S and C—H...O(nitro) hydrogen bonds into a chain containing alternating R^2_2(8) and R^2_2(10) rings, but there are no I...O interactions of either type. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit of N-(4′-iodophenylsulfonyl)-2-nitroaniline, 2-O2NC6H4NHSO2C6H4I-4′ (6), and the combination of an I...O=S interaction and a hard N—H...O(nitro) hydrogen bond links the two types of molecule to form a cyclic, centrosymmetric four-component aggregate. C—H...O hydrogen bonds link these four-molecule aggregates to form a molecular ladder. Comparisons are made with structures retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database.

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FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ‘NEAR FLING’

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.183.1.217 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 183 (1) ◽

pp. 217-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. Sunada ◽

K. Kawachi ◽

I. Watanabe ◽

A. Azuma

Keyword(s):

Numerical Calculation ◽

Hydrodynamic Force ◽

Dynamic Pressure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Added Mass ◽

Opening Angle ◽

Rotation Axes ◽

Adequate Accuracy ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

The Moment

A series of experiments on three-dimensional ‘near fling’ was carried out. Two pairs of plates, rectangular and triangular, were selected, and the distance between the rotation axes of the two plates of each pair was varied. The motion of the plates as well as the forces and the moment were measured, and the interference between the two plates of a pair was studied. In addition, a method of numerical calculation was developed to aid in the understanding of the experimental results. The interference between the two plates of a pair, which acted to increase both the added mass of each plate and the hydrodynamic force due to dynamic pressure, was noted only when the opening angle between the plates was small. The hydrodynamic forces were strongly influenced by separated vortices that occurred during the rotation. A method of numerical calculation, which took into account the effect both of interference between the plates and of separated vortices, was developed to give adequate accuracy in analyzing beating wings in ‘near fling’.

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Monkey superior colliculus represents rapid eye movements in a two-dimensional motor map

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1993.69.3.965 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 965-979 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

K. Hepp ◽

A. J. Van Opstal ◽

D. Straumann ◽

B. J. Hess ◽

V. Henn

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Superior Colliculus ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Eye Position ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Vestibular Nystagmus ◽

Rapid Eye Movements ◽

Q Model

1. Although the eye has three rotational degrees of freedom, eye positions, during fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuit, with the head stationary and upright, are constrained to a plane by ListingR's law. We investigated whether Listing's law for rapid eye movements is implemented at the level of the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC). 2. In three alert rhesus monkeys we tested whether the saccadic motor map of the SC is two dimensional, representing oculocentric target vectors (the vector or V-model), or three dimensional, representing the coordinates of the rotation of the eye from initial to final position (the quaternion or Q-model). 3. Monkeys made spontaneous saccadic eye movements both in the light and in the dark. They were also rotated about various axes to evoke quick phases of vestibular nystagmus, which have three degrees of freedom. Eye positions were measured in three dimensions with the magnetic search coil technique. 4. While the monkey made spontaneous eye movements, we electrically stimulated the deeper layers of the SC and elicited saccades from a wide range of initial positions. According to the Q-model, the torsional component of eye position after stimulation should be uniquely related to saccade onset position. However, stimulation at 110 sites induced no eye torsion, in line with the prediction of the V-model. 5. Activity of saccade-related burst neurons in the deeper layers of the SC was analyzed during rapid eye movements in three dimensions. No systematic eye-position dependence of the movement fields, as predicted by the Q-model, could be detected for these cells. Instead, the data fitted closely the predictions made by the V-model. 6. In two monkeys, both SC were reversibly inactivated by symmetrical bilateral injections of muscimol. The frequency of spontaneous saccades in the light decreased dramatically. Although the remaining spontaneous saccades were slow, Listing's law was still obeyed, both during fixations and saccadic gaze shifts. In the dark, vestibularly elicited fast phases of nystagmus could still be generated in three dimensions. Although the fastest quick phases of horizontal and vertical nystagmus were slower by about a factor of 1.5, those of torsional quick phases were unaffected. 7. On the basis of the electrical stimulation data and the properties revealed by the movement field analysis, we conclude that the collicular motor map is two dimensional. The reversible inactivation results suggest that the SC is not the site where three-dimensional fast phases of vestibular nystagmus are generated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Vertical Disparity Can Alter Perceived Direction

Perception ◽

10.1068/p3440 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 1323-1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ellen M Berends ◽

Raymond van Ee ◽

Casper J Erkelens

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Visual Scene ◽

Eye Position ◽

Vertical Disparity ◽

Vertical Scale ◽

The Common ◽

The Right ◽

The Relationship ◽

Straight Ahead ◽

Stimulus Direction

It has been well established that vertical disparity is involved in perception of the three-dimensional layout of a visual scene. The goal of this paper was to examine whether vertical disparities can alter perceived direction. We dissociated the common relationship between vertical disparity and the stimulus direction by applying a vertical magnification to the image presented to one eye. We used a staircase paradigm to measure whether perceived straight-ahead depended on the amount of vertical magnification in the stimulus. Subjects judged whether a test dot was flashed to either the left or the right side of straight-ahead. We found that perceived straight-ahead did indeed depend on the amount of vertical magnification but only after subjects adapted (for 5 min) to vertical scale (and only in five out of nine subjects). We argue that vertical disparity is a factor in the calibration of the relationship between eye-position signals and perceived direction.

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Implications of rotational kinematics for the oculomotor system in three dimensions

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1987.58.4.832 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 832-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 181

Author(s):

D. Tweed ◽

T. Vilis

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Oculomotor System ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Eye Position ◽

Head Velocity ◽

Listing’S Law ◽

Indirect Path ◽

Dimensional Models ◽

Three Dimensional Models ◽

Eye Velocity

1. This paper develops three-dimensional models for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and the internal feedback loop of the saccadic system. The models differ qualitatively from previous, one-dimensional versions, because the commutative algebra used in previous models does not apply to the three-dimensional rotations of the eye. 2. The hypothesis that eye position signals are generated by an eye velocity integrator in the indirect path of the VOR must be rejected because in three dimensions the integral of angular velocity does not specify angular position. Computer simulations using eye velocity integrators show large, cumulative gaze errors and post-VOR drift. We describe a simple velocity to position transformation that works in three dimensions. 3. In the feedback control of saccades, eye position error is not the vector difference between actual and desired eye positions. Subtractive feedback models must continuously adjust the axis of rotation throughout a saccade, and they generate meandering, dysmetric gaze saccades. We describe a multiplicative feedback system that solves these problems and generates fixed-axis saccades that accord with Listing's law. 4. We show that Listing's law requires that most saccades have their axes out of Listing's plane. A corollary is that if three pools of short-lead burst neurons code the eye velocity command during saccades, the three pools are not yoked, but function independently during visually triggered saccades. 5. In our three-dimensional models, we represent eye position using four-component rotational operators called quaternions. This is not the only algebraic system for describing rotations, but it is the one that best fits the needs of the oculomotor system, and it yields much simpler models than do rotation matrix or other representations. 6. Quaternion models predict that eye position is represented on four channels in the oculomotor system: three for the vector components of eye position and one inversely related to gaze eccentricity and torsion. 7. Many testable predictions made by quaternion models also turn up in models based on other mathematics. These predictions are therefore more fundamental than the specific models that generate them. Among these predictions are 1) to compute eye position in the indirect path of the VOR, eye or head velocity signals are multiplied by eye position feedback and then integrated; consequently 2) eye position signals and eye or head velocity signals converge on vestibular neurons, and their interaction is multiplicative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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