Vibration Separation Methodology Compensated by Time-Varying Transfer Function for Fault Diagnosis of Non-Hunting Tooth Planetary Gearbox

Due to planetary movement of planet gears, the vibration signal perceived by a stationary sensor is modulated and difficult to diagnose. This paper proposed a vibration separation methodology compensated by a time-varying transfer function (TVTF-VS), which is a further development of the vibration separation (VS) method in the diagnosis of non-hunting tooth planetary gearboxes. On the basis of VS, multi-teeth VS is proposed to extract and synthesize the meshing signal of a planet gear using a single transducer. Considering the movement regularity of a planetary gearbox, the time-varying transfer function (TVTF) is represented by a generalized expression. The TVTF is constructed using a segment of healthy signal and an evaluation indicator is established to optimize the parameters of the TVTF. The constructed TVTF is applied to overcome the amplitude modulation effect and highlight fault characteristics. After that, experiments with baseline, pitting, and compound localized faults planet gears were conducted on a non-hunting tooth planetary gearbox test rig, respectively. The results demonstrate that incipient failure on a planet gear can be detected effectively, and relative location of the local faults can be determined accurately.

The Impact of Climate Change on Forest Development: A Sustainable Approach to Management Models Applied to Mediterranean-Type Climate Regions

Forest ecosystems are divided into three major groups: boreal, temperate, and tropical. These can be subdivided according to the particularities of each type due to its relative location (littoral, mountain, etc.), climatic conditions, or even geological substrate. Climate change affects each type of forest ecosystem differently. However, it seems to affect temperate forests in Mediterranean-type climate regions more intensely. These regions are located over several continents, with major impacts of increased temperature during summer and decreased precipitation during winter. This situation affects Mediterranean forest ecosystems by increasing the risk of fires, which arise more frequently and are more severe. In addition, the emergence of pests and the spread of invasive species are well-known problems affecting these ecosystems. All of these conditions contribute to losses of productivity and biodiversity. To avoid the destruction of forest resources, and since Mediterranean-type climate regions are considered climate change hot spots with increased vulnerability to disturbances, the implementation of adaptive forest management models could contribute to increasing the resilience of such forests, which could also contribute to mitigating climate change.

Role of Cel5H protein surface amino acids in binding with clay minerals and measurements of its forces

Our previous study on the binding activity between Cel5H and clay minerals showed highest binding efficiency among other cellulase enzymes cloned. Here, based on previous studies, we hypothesized that the positive amino acids on the surface of Cel5H protein may play an important role in binding to clay surfaces. To examine this, protein sequences of Bacillus licheniformis Cel5H (BlCel5H) and Paenibacillus polymyxa Cel5A (PpCel5A) were analyzed and then selected amino acids were mutated. These mutated proteins were investigated for binding activity and force measurement via atomic force microscopy (AFM). A total of seven amino acids which are only present in BlCel5H but not in PpCel5A were selected for mutational studies and the positive residues which are present in both were omitted. Of the seven selected surface lysine residues, only three mutants K196A(M2), K54A(M3) and K157T(M4) showed 12%, 7% and 8% less clay mineral binding ability, respectively compared with wild-type. The probable reason why other mutants did not show altered binding efficiency might be due to relative location of amino acids on the protein surface. Meanwhile, measurement of adhesion forces on mica sheets showed a well-defined maximum at 69 ± 19 pN for wild-type, 58 ± 19 pN for M2, 53 ± 19 pN for M3, and 49 ± 19 pN for M4 proteins. Hence, our results demonstrated that relative location of surface amino acids of Cel5H protein especially positive charged amino acids are important in the process of clay mineral-protein binding interaction through electrostatic exchange of charges.

A method for generating a local network graph based on the analysis of address sets

Introduction. The paper deals with the problem of automated construction of a local area network using tools and methods for traffic analysis at the link layer of OSI model. The problem is caused by two factors. These are difficulties of the manual determination of the communication between equipment and the lack of physical access to communication lines of an already functioning network. The purpose of the work is to reduce the time spent on building a local network diagram through automating the process of determining the communication between the equipment.Materials and Methods. To solve the set tasks, a method for determining the relative location of devices is proposed. The network adapters of a specialized software and hardware complex, which are connected to a communication line break at different points of the network, are used in opposite directions. The method used is based on calculations of intersections of address sets received from these adapters. The structural schemes of the construction of such a software and hardware complex and the requirements for it are given. The methods of obtaining MAC addresses from transit packets are described. Examples of libraries of software components for performing this operation are given. The structure of a relational database is proposed for storing the received data. The format and content of the fields of its table are described.Results. Using the developed methods, a typical example of an Ethernet network shows a way to determine the relative location of end devices specified by their MAC addresses, as well as at least two switches located between them. The signs by which it is possible to judge the presence of switching equipment in a particular segment are determined. A method is proposed that enables through using a set of relational operations, to sequentially refine the network topology until the required accuracy is achieved.Discussion and Conclusions. The results obtained can be used under the administration of large local networks with an extensive structure. The proposed approach allows you to reduce the time required for building a scheme. This is possible due to the automation of the process of obtaining information about devices operating on the network and their mutual location.

The Impact of Midlevel Shear Orientation on the Longevity of and Downdraft Location and Tornado-like Vortex Formation within Simulated Supercells

Despite an increased understanding of environments favorable for tornadic supercells, it is still sometimes unknown why one favorable environment produces many long-tracked tornadic supercells and another seemingly equally-favorable environment produces only short-lived supercells. One relatively unexplored environmental parameter that may differ between such environments is the degree of backing or veering of the midlevel shear vector, especially considering that such variations may not be captured by traditional supercell or tornado forecast parameters. We investigate the impact of the 3-6 km shear vector orientation on simulated supercell evolution by systematically varying it across a suite of idealized simulations. We found that the orientation of the 3-6 km shear vector dictates where precipitation loading is maximized in the storms, and thus alters the storm-relative location of downdrafts and outflow surges. When the shear vector is backed, outflow surges generally occur northwest of an updraft, produce greater convergence beneath the updraft, and do not disrupt inflow, meaning that the storm is more likely to persist and produce more tornado-like vortices (TLVs). When the shear vector is veered, outflow surges generally occur north of an updraft, produce less convergence beneath the updraft, and sometimes undercut it with outflow, causing it to tilt at low levels, sometimes leading to storm dissipation. These storms are shorter lived and thus also produce fewer TLVs. Our simulations indicate that the relative orientation of the 3-6 km shear vector may impact supercell longevity and hence the time period over which tornadoes may form.

Gene function prediction in five model eukaryotes based on gene relative location through machine learning

Motiviation: The function of most genes is unknown. The best results in gene function prediction are obtained with machine learning-based methods that combine multiple data sources, typically sequence derived features, protein structure and interaction data. Even though there is ample evidence showing that a gene's function is not independent of its location, the few available examples of gene function prediction based on gene location relay on sequence identity between genes of different organisms and are thus subjected to the limitations of the relationship between sequence and function. Results: Here we predict thousands of gene functions in five eukaryotes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens) using machine learning models trained with features derived from the location of genes in the genomes to which they belong. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work in which gene function prediction is successfully achieved in eukaryotic genomes using predictive features derived exclusively from the relative location of the genes. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: http://gfpml.bnd.edu.uy

Home Sweet Home: New Insights Into the Location of Equine Premises in France and Keeping Habits to Inform Health Prevention and Disease Surveillance

Identifying and tracking equines are key activities in equine health prevention. France is one of the few European countries with an operational centralized database that records information on equines, owners, and keepers but not on the location and keeping conditions of equines. The objective of our study was to collect information on keeping habits of equines and the relative location of a wide range of equines, owners, and keepers and discuss their implication for surveillance and control of outbreak improvement. A national email survey was conducted among the 1.9% of people registered as owners and 8.2% of people registered as keepers in the French national equine identification database having given their agreement to be contacted by email. It led to the collection of information from 728 owners, 121 keepers, and 2,669 owner–keepers. Most of them housed their equines in a single commune (smallest geographic administrative unit in France) at their home as private individuals. The distance between the communes of residence and of holding was, in most cases (including 79% of owners in the owner survey, 89.5% of the keepers in the keeper survey, and about 94% of the owner–keepers in both surveys), less than 30 km. More than half of the keepers kept a maximum of five equines and the majority with two different uses/destinations together, mostly leisure-retirement, leisure-breeding, leisure-sport, and sport-breeding. The main limitation of the study was that a relatively limited number of people (n = 3518) were reachable due to the low availability of an email address and contact agreement. Nonetheless, the findings provide an overview of how equines are kept by non-professional owners and keepers and complements information usually collected by the French riding institute. Additionally, information collected is very helpful to determine a realistic estimate of the spatial distribution of equines in France. This information is very important for the equine sector, for demographic knowledge and also improvement of surveillance plans and control measures and for the management and monitoring of health events to limit the spread of diseases.