Bound rubber morphology and loss tangent properties of carbon-black-filled rubber compounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Gabriel ◽  
Alexander Karbach ◽  
Doris Drechsler ◽  
Jochen Gutmann ◽  
Karlheinz Graf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Loss Tangent ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Bound Rubber

STUDY ON NANOMORPHOLOGY OF HIGH-STRUCTURE CARBON BLACK AND ITS BOUND RUBBER BY AFM

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250003
Author(s):  
JIAN CHEN ◽  
YONGZHONG JIN ◽  
JINGYU ZHANG ◽  
YAFENG WU ◽  
CHUNCAI MENG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
High Structure

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape cluster" structure which consists of many original particles with the grain size of about 30–50 nm. Graphitizing process of CB decreases the amount of bound rubber. The NR/DZ13 soluble rubber with island–rim structure has been obtained, where the islands are DZ13 particles and the rims around the islands are occupied by NR film. But when the graphitized DZ13 particles were used as fillers of rubber, we have only observed that some graphitized DZ13 particles were deposited on the surface of the globular-like NR molecular chains, instead of the spreading of NR molecular chains along the surface of DZ13 particles, indicating that graphitized DZ13 has lower chemical activity than ungraphitized DZ13. Especially, we have already observed an interesting unusual bound rubber phenomenon, the blocked "bracelet" structure with the diameter of about 600 nm in which CB particles were blocked in ring-shaped SBS monomer.

Influence of filler-rubber interactions on the viscoelastic properties of carbon-black-filled rubber compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 577-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Léopoldès ◽  
C. Barrès ◽  
J. L. Leblanc ◽  
P. Georget
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Flocculation in Silica Reinforced Rubber Compounds

2009 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mihara ◽  
R. N. Datta ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Interfacial Interaction ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Interaction Layer ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Flocculation Rate

Abstract Flocculation plays an important role in reinforcement of silica filled rubber compounds, even if coupling agents are applied. It is well known that silica tends to flocculate during the early stages of vulcanization, when no dense rubber network has been formed yet. In the present study, flocculation was monitored by following the change in storage modulus at low strain, the so-called Payne effect, using a RPA2000 dynamic mechanical tester. The kinetic parameters: the rate constant and the activation energy of the silica flocculation were calculated according to the well-known Arrhenius equation. On basis of the value of the activation energy obtained for flocculation, it can be concluded that the silica flocculation is a purely physical phenomenon. Bound rubber measurements were also done in order to estimate the interfacial interaction layer between silica and polymer resulting from the coupling agent. The silica flocculation rate decreases with increasing interfacial interaction layer on the silica surface. This indicates that the decrease of the flocculation rate is due to the shielding effect of the coupling agent. It is argued that the attractive flux from forces related to polarity differences between the silica and the rubber is the determining factor for silica flocculation.

Online Method for Characterization of the Homogeneity of Rubber Compounds Filled with Non-Conductive Carbon Black

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Le ◽  
M. Tiwari ◽  
S. Ilisch ◽  
H-J. Radusch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Dispersion Process ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Conductance Method ◽  
Internal Mixer

Abstract In the present work, the effect of carbon black (CB) type on the electrical conductance of CB filled rubber compounds measured online in the internal mixer and the corresponding CB dispersion were investigated. The CB dispersion is strongly affected by the specific surface area and structure of CB which can be directly monitored by use of the online electrical conductance method. The effect of CB mixture ratio of a high conductive CB and a non-conductive one on the online electrical conductance was investigated for CB filled rubber compounds. By addition of a small amount of a high-conductive CB type into a non-conductive CB filled rubber compound, a characteristic online conductance - time characteristic is observed that is a result of the formation of a joint network of the two CB types. It could be shown, that such a characteristic is suitable to monitor the dispersion process of the non-conductive CB in the rubber compound.

scholarly journals Superharmonic Resonance in Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber by High-Frequency DMA

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1653
Author(s):  
Imran Hussain Syed ◽  
Jorge Lacayo-Pineda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Model Compound ◽  
Resonance Phenomenon ◽  
Superharmonic Resonance ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Resonance Response ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
Main Influence

A systematic study of several SBR compounds filled with carbon black of various grades were analysed with the high-frequency Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (HF DMA) in order to quantify the degree of nonlinearity induced by fillers in rubber compounds. These filler grades indirectly reflect different degrees of microdispersion, which seems to be the main influence on the superharmonic resonance phenomenon observed in HF DMA. This statement arises from the comparison of the microdispersion observed in TEM images. In the second part of the paper, a model compound filled with carbon black is enhanced with a standard reinforcing resin, which leads to a more compact filler network. This induces a higher superharmonic resonance response as well as a higher transmissibility behaviour.

Steady-State Shear Flow Properties of Carbon-Black Filled Rubber Compounds

1994 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ertong ◽  
H. Eggers ◽  
P. Schümmer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Superposition Principle ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Creep Flow ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Time Temperature Superposition Principle ◽  
Flow Experiments

Abstract The steady shear viscosities of four model rubber/carbon-black compounds are measured with a modified Weissenberg Rheometer in a range of moderate shear rates. Yield stresses and low-shear viscosities are determined from creep-flow experiments. Yield stresses are found to increase strongly with filler content while their dependence on temperature can be described by an Arrhenius-type function. Flow curves are reduced to master curves by means of the time-temperature superposition principle. The shift factors are well approximated by the WLF-relation. The contribution of the “secondary” carbon-black network to the viscoelastic behavior requires additional vertical shifting for the filled compounds. Viscosities are found to be in very good agreement with the Herschel-Bulkley model when using the experimentally determined yield values.

The Effect of Carbon Black Parameters on the Fatigue Life of Filled Rubber Compounds

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Dizon ◽  
A. E. Hicks ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Carbon Black Particle ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Black Particle ◽  
As Stress

Abstract Fatigue is defined as decay caused by cyclic deformations at an amplitude less than necessary for fracture in one cycle. Such failures are initiated by flaws which act as stress concentrators. These flaws occur in the material either through mechanical or chemical action during service or through agglomeration of certain ingredients during mixing and fabrication. This paper deals with the latter process, where the nature and size of the flaws as well as the properties of the matrix are contingent on carbon black variables. Using the tearing energy concept of fatigue developed by Lake and Lindley, it was shown that the size of the flaw is primarily determined by carbon black particle size. On the other hand, the cut growth constant depends on carbon black structure. When translated to actual fatigue life using the Monsanto Fatigue-to-Failure Tester, these relationships mean that under constant strain conditions, compounds containing coarse carbons will have a significantly higher fatigue life than those with fine carbons. Under conditions of constant strain, higher structure carbons will impart a slight positive effect. However, under conditions of constant stress, the beneficial effects of structure become magnified. Other factors known to affect fatigue life were also considered. These are : set, stress relaxation, hysteretic energy dissipation, and flaw size distribution.

Strain Dependence of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Ulmer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Strain Dependence ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Viscous Modulus

Abstract The strain dependencies of dynamic mechanical properties of carbon black-filled rubber compounds have been modeled by Kraus. Evaluation of the Kraus model with carbon black loadings up to 110 phr shows that it provides a fairly good overall description of elastic modulus, G′, as a function of strain, γ. The model description of G′ strain dependence improves with decreased carbon black loading, and is very good with carbon black loadings of 50 phr and less. The model description of viscous modulus strain dependence, G″(γ), is less successful than the G′(γ) description. Several empirical modifications of the viscous modulus model are examined. The most improved model is a very good approximation to viscous modulus over a wide experimental strain-range. Its utility, and that of the Kraus G′(γ) model, are illustrated through calculation of simple shear dynamic properties from torsion property measurements on a solid cylinder, where the strain amplitude varies across the specimen radius. The models allow transformation of the apparent moduli, reported as functions of strain amplitude at the cylinder's outer edge, to their true counterparts, G′(γ) and G″(γ), as functions of uniform strain amplitude. Although the G′(γ) and modified G″(γ) models apply to a wide range of experimental strains, some uncertainties associated with each model's accuracy remain, and there are inconsistencies in the relation of one model to the other. Reservations associated with the models might be resolved through refined treatments of the test specimen geometries.

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