Comparative characteristic between European and Ukrainian legal mechanisms for regulating the discharges of pollutants

The article examines and compares the structures and basic norms of legal mechanisms for controlling the discharge (CD) of polluting substances (PS) from point technogenical sources into surface waters of EU and Ukrainian legislation. To analyze the systemic construction of the European CDPS and a meaningful study of its main elements, a tool has been identified, which is the chain of spreading of restrictive (limiting) legal influence, its legislative links and regulative norms. The structure and composition of this chain of European CDPS are identified, PS flows and information links between restrictive standards are studied. It is noted that the main branches of the structure of the European CDPS are technological and environmental legal influences. The second branch is additional. It complements the first one for some priority substances and it uses to limit the discharge of PS properties of the area of the water body which adjacent to the discharge of PS, the so-called mixing zones (MZ). The place and significance of the CDPS subinstitution in the European water legislation are investigated. The peculiarities of the European regulatory standards of the CDPS are determined. The comparison of the European and Ukrainian CDPSs using the scale of features that characterize the links in the chain of limiting legal influence is fulfilled. The concordance of the features of the Ukrainian CDPS to the European one was assessed by the categories: “fully compliant”, “partially compliant”, “does not contradict”, “does not comply”, “not regulated by EU legislation”. The distribution of concordance assessments testifies to the fundamental difference between the European CDPS and the Ukrainian one. The most important differences of legal discordance are investigated. It is concluded that the main difference between the two CDPS subinstitutions is that Ukrainian regulation is based only on the economic use of the assimilative capacity of the MZ. It is emphasized that the concept of MZ for more than 60 years of its actual use has not received proper legal justification in Ukrainian law. In contrast to the Ukrainian regulation, the main influence of the European CDPS is aimed at directly limiting the sources of PS. The priority changes in the water legislation of Ukraine for the implementation of the requirements of the EU legislation on CDPS, have been proposed.

Kinematics and dynamics of an incomplete circular wheel drive of an agricultural tractor

The disadvantage of wheeled tractors is soil compaction, slipping due to limited traction, low tangential force. Experimental studies of a tractor with incomplete circular wheel mover on stubble, sand and virgin snow showed an increase in cross-country ability, a decrease in skidding, an increase in traction, and an increase in productivity. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for kinematic and dynamic analysis of incompletely rounded wheel propellers with a built-in differential. The equation of motion of the wheel is obtained on the basis of two-stage overcoming by the wheel of a single threshold obstacle taking into account the longitudinal and radial stiffness of the tire, its deformation, air resistance in the tire. The main influence is provided by translational speed, wheel radius and radial stiffness, the moment of inertia of the wheel and the shoulder of the application of mass. Planetary gearbox proposed in which the shaft of the driving satellite is a bearing, while the radius of the gear is an order of magnitude smaller than the radius of the wheel. The direction of improvement of wheel mover, increasing their traction properties is justified.

An Essential Role of Gelatin in the Formation Process of Curling in Long Historical Photos

Curling disease in long historical photos significantly affects the presentation of cultural heritage information. However, people lack attention to the formation process and microstructural changes of photo curling. In this article, a long historical photo (1912–1949 AD) collected by the Second Historical Archives of China was taken as the research object, and the formation process and cause of the curling were further explored. Firstly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy disperse spectrometer (EDS), and other instruments were used to analyze the material composition of the long historical photo. It was found that the photographic paper was made of gelatin, barium sulfate, and plant fiber layers. Then, the effects of hygrothermal environments on curling and contraction in the gelatin layer and simulated photographic paper were explored. Meanwhile, the formation process and main influence factors of the curling were preliminarily revealed. The morphological analysis by SEM was carried out to identify the inner correlation between the microstructure and curling of photos. Finally, the possible formation cause of photo curling was analyzed. This study provides a scientific basis and experimental data for the preservation and restoration of long historical photos based on gelatin.

Dependence of the buffer capacity on the chemical composition of dry matter of alfalfa

Annotation It is shown that the buffer capacity of dry matter of alfalfa of the first cut in the flowering phase is 5.66-5.94 mol / liter. With an increase in the content of crude protein and crude ash by 1%, it increases by 0.14-0.40 and 0.49-0.86 mol / liter, respectively, with an increase in the content of soluble carbohydrates by 1%, it decreases by 1.44 mol / liter … The dry matter of the second cut alfalfa has a high forage quality. The content of crude protein from the stemming-beginning of budding phase to the flowering phase is in the range of 23.44-20.20%, crude ash 9.24-8.10%, while the content of crude fiber is reduced to 22.92-29.01%, dry matter - up to 20.84-26.00%. The buffer capacity of dry matter reaches 9.69-7.23 mol / liter. The main influence on the buffer capacity is exerted by the mineral composition of the dry matter. An increase in the content of crude ash by 1% increases the buffer capacity of dry matter by 0.55 ± 0.16 - 1.36 ± 0.14 mol / l, an increase in the content of crude protein by 1% increases the buffer capacity by 0.15 ± 0.06 - 0.39 ± 0.14 mol / liter.

EP.TU.833The F2 Cohort of COVID19: The impact on Career development – a survey analysis

In March 2020 the coronavirus outbreak was announced as a global pandemic by WHO, in response to the pandemic the NHS underwent huge changes. This included recalling foundation doctors and cancelling the changeover into their final rotations. There have been studies into the impact of the pandemic on junior doctor training and wellbeing, however none looking specifically at their career development. An online survey was distributed to a cohort of Foundation Year 2 Doctors (F2s) in one NHS trust. This specifically asked about the impact of not rotating, specialty tasters, courses and the overall impact of the pandemic. The results of this study show that F2 doctors report weaker specialty applications alongside missed career development opportunities. However, the main influence of COVID-19 was reported to be on the cohort’s personal lives. This study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected both F2 doctor’s professional and personal lives, and it would be useful to follow up the cohort’s career development in the long-term as well as investigate the impacts in other NHS foundation trusts in the country.

Features of the interaction of molecular oxygen with the condensation surface in the plasma of a low-pressure arc discharge

A model has been developed for studying the features of the thermal interaction of molecular oxygen in the near-surface condensation layer in the plasma of a low-pressure arc discharge. It was found that the input power and pressure of the gas mixture exert the main influence on the electron temperature and on the density of positive ions (O_2^+ and O+). It is shown that at a fixed pressure, the ion density increases with an increase in the power of the system, and vice versa.

Implementation of Islamic Moderization in Mahasantri Al-Zamachsyari

The Indonesian nation is a multicultural society with its plurality. Diversity includes differences in culture, religion, race, language, ethnicity, tradition and so on. In such a multicultural society, tensions and conflicts often occur between cultural groups and have an impact on the harmony of life. The purpose of this paper is to discuss religious moderation in diversity in realizing the peace of the Indonesian nation. The method used is qualitative research. The conclusion of this study is that multicultural life requires multicultural understanding and awareness that respects differences. It takes an attitude of religious moderation in the form of acknowledging the existence of other parties, having a tolerant attitude, respect for differences of opinion. The main influence of religious moderation in the digital space is finding its momentum. The counterbalance in question is a counter-narrative to create a substantive and essential religious framing, namely moderate and tolerant.

Using environmental evaluation systems and their contribution to sustainable development

Drawing on previous research into evaluation use and sustainable development, this article investigates to what extent and how a national evaluation system can advance sustainable development. The data comprise interviews with key actors, observations at seminars where evaluations were discussed, and analysis of evaluation reports. The actors were divided into three categories (i.e. central, proximal, and peripheral) to indicate their closeness to the national policy cycle. The results indicate that the evaluations were used mainly by central and proximal actors, primarily because the evaluation knowledge met most of their knowledge needs, and very little used by peripheral actors, such as environmental and business organizations. The evaluation system’s main influence was to consolidate environmental work and provide guidance on the environmental dimension of sustainable development at the national level. The evaluation system also served as a recurring reminder for stakeholders about the national objectives, their achievement, and everyone’s responsibility for their implementation.

A Review of Ambient Nanoparticles (PM0.1) in South East Asian Cities: Biomass and Fossil Burning Impacts

PM0.1 (particles diameter ≤ 0.1 µm), nanoparticles (NPs), and ultrafine particles (UFPs), were interchangeably used in the scientific communities. PM0.1 originated from both natural and human sources. However, investigations of PM0.1 and its effects on the environment, visibility, and human health risk to understand the levels of air pollution, sources, and impacts in South East Asia (SEA) countries continue to be lacking. The concentration of PM0.1 in most SEA countries are much worse than those in western countries environment. A further motivation of this reviewed article is to provide a critical synthesis of the current knowledge and study of ambient PM0.1 in SEA cities. The main influence of characteristics of PM0.1 appears to be local sources including biomass burning and motor vehicles. Continuous monitoring of PM0.1 in terms of both mass and number concentration should be further understood. A critical review is of great importance to facilitating air pollution control policies and predicting the behavior of PM0.1 in SEA.

Colored cotton wastes valuation through thermal and catalytic reforming of pyrolysis vapors (Py-GC/MS)

This study aims to analyze the products of the catalytic pyrolysis of naturally colored cotton residues, type BRS (seeds from Brazil), called BRS-Verde, BRS-Rubi, BRS-Topázio and BRS-Jade. The energy characterization of biomass was evaluated through ultimate and proximate analysis, higher heating value, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content, thermogravimetric analysis and apparent density. Analytical pyrolysis was performed at 500 °C in an analytical pyrolyzer from CDS Analytical connected to a gas chromatograph coupled to the mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The pyrolysis vapors were reformed at 300 and 500 °C through thermal and catalytic cracking with zeolites (ZSM-5 and HZSM-5). It has been noticed that pyrolysis vapor reforming at 500 °C promoted partial deoxygenation and cracking reactions, while the catalytic reforming showed better results for the product deoxygenation. The catalyst reforming of pyrolysis products, especially using HZSM-5 at 500 °C, promoted the formation of monoaromatics such as benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene, which are important precursors of polymers, solvents and biofuels. The main influence on the yields of these aromatic products is due to the catalytic activity of ZSM-5 favored by increased temperature that promotes cracking reactions due expanded zeolites channels.