Determination of axial forces during the capillary breakup of liquid filaments – the tilted CaBER method

This paper presents an analysis of semi‐rigid beam‐to‐beam end‐plate bolted and beam‐to‐column end‐plate bolted knee joints that are subjected to bending and tension or compression axial force. Usually the influence of axial force on joint rigidity is neglected. According to EC3, the axial load, which is less than 10 % of plastic resistance of the connected member under axial force, may be disregarded in the design of joint. Actually the level of axial forces in joints of structures may be significant and has a significant influence on joint rigidity. One of the most popular practical method permitting the determination of rigidity and strength of joint is the so‐called component method. The extension of the component method for evaluating the influence of bending moment and axial force on the rigidity and strength of the joint are presented in the paper. The numerical results of calculations of rigidity and strength of beam-to-beam and beam-to-column knee joints are presented in this paper as well.

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Determination of Cutting Disc Deformation Using Axial Forces Produced during the Cutting Process

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.124 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 598 ◽

pp. 124-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emre Akarslan ◽

Fatih Onur Hocaoğlu ◽

Ismail Ucun

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Inference ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Experimental Setup ◽

Inference System ◽

Axial Forces ◽

Neuro Fuzzy ◽

Cutting Processes ◽

Sawing Process ◽

Innovative Techniques

The reliability of the cutting disc in a sawing process is of vital importance in industry. There exist a lot of reported accidents due to damaged disc usage. In most cases the damage on the disc is not visible. Therefore innovative techniques are required to determine the damages. For this aim an experimental setup is built in Afyon Kocatepe University. Different experiments are performed. While experiments different parameters are measured and calculated. In this paper axial forces produced while the cutting processes are studied. Each experiment is represented by a vector of three dimensional axial forces (Fx, Fy, Fz). Experiments are repeated using four different class of cutting disc (solid, less damaged, much damaged and broken). An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) structure is proposed to classify the deformations that occur on a cutting disc in sawing processes. The results indicate that proposed ANFIS structure is very effective on classification.

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Use of Finite Element Analysis for Stud Pre-Tension Determination of Large Diameter Integral Flanges With Ring Joint Gaskets

29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering: Volume 5, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/omae2010-20824 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Upali Panapitiya ◽

Haoyu Wang ◽

Syed Jafri ◽

Paul Jukes

Keyword(s):

Finite Element Analysis ◽

Finite Element ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Axial Forces ◽

Three Dimensional Finite Element

Large diameter integral steel flanges are widely used in many applications in the oil and gas industry. The flanges of nominal pipe sizes, 26-inch and above with ring-joint gaskets as specified in ASME B 16.47 Standard, are used in the offshore applications for the transportation of oil and gas from production facilities. These pipelines require flanged connections at end terminations, mid-line tie-ins and expansion loops. The conventional design of large diameter steel flanges is based on one-dimensional analytical methods similar to the procedure in ASME VIII Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Division 1 Appendix 2. The effects of axial forces and bending moments are approximated by calculating an equivalent pressure. This usually results in conservative designs for the large flanges because it estimates the required stud pre-tension based on the assumption that the gasket will be unloaded entirely to a minimum stress, whereas only a small section of the gasket is subjected to low stress. This technical paper presents the quasi-static, nonlinear, and three-dimensional finite element models of large diameter steel flanged joint for the determination of stud pre-tension and change of stud tension under various loading conditions. The finite element analysis results are compared with the results obtained by using the equivalent pressure method and flange “Joint Diagram”.

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The slow retraction method (SRM) for the determination of ultra-short relaxation times in capillary breakup extensional rheometry experiments

Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1016/j.jnnfm.2010.09.007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 165 (23-24) ◽

pp. 1688-1699 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Laura Campo-Deaño ◽

Christian Clasen

Keyword(s):

Relaxation Times ◽

Capillary Breakup ◽

Extensional Rheometry

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INFLUENCE OF THE SEMI‐RIGID BOLTED STEEL JOINTS ON THE FRAME BEHAVIOUR

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management ◽

10.3846/jcem.2010.27 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 237-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Alfonsas Daniūnas ◽

Kęstutis Urbonas

Keyword(s):

Axial Force ◽

Research Work ◽

Bolted Joints ◽

Main Attention ◽

Component Method ◽

Axial Forces ◽

Rigid Joints ◽

Joint Behaviour ◽

Steel Joints

This research work describes the analysis of steel semi rigid joints that are subjected to bending and tension or compression. The main attention is focussed on the beam‐to‐beam and plate bolted joints. Usually influence of axial force is neglected. In fact, the level of tension or compression of axial force can be significant and has some impact on joint behaviour and on its stiffness and strength characteristics. Nowadays the most powerful method for the estimation of joints characteristics is the component method. The adaptation of the component method for the determination of joints characteristics under bending ant axial forces is shown in the paper. Some numerical results of calculations of steel frameworks are presented in this paper as well (Daniūnas and Urbonas 2008). Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinejami pusiau standūs mazgai, veikiami lenkiamojo momento ir tempimo ar gniuždymo ašines jegos. Daugiausia demesio skiriama sijos, sujungtos varžtais per galines plokšteles su kita sija, mazgui. Dažniausiai teigiama, kad ašines jegos itaka mazgo elgsenai yra nereikšminga. Iš tikruju gniuždymo ar tempimo ašines jegos dydis gali būti reikšmingas ir daryti svaria itaka mazgo elgsenai, sukamojo standžio ir lenkiamosios galios reikšmems. Populiariausias ir plačiausiai šiuo metu taikomas metodas mazgo charakteristikoms nustatyti yra komponentu metodas. Šiame straipsnyje rodoma, kaip taikomas komponentu metodas nustatyti mazgo, veikiamo lenkiamojo momento ir ašines jegos, charakteristikoms. Pateikiami ir plieniniu reminiu konstrukciju skaičiavimu rezultatai (Daniūnas, Urbonas 2008).

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Friction Factor Between Gasket and Flange Surface

Volume 2: Computer Technology and Bolted Joints ◽

10.1115/pvp2018-85104 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Manfred Schaaf ◽

Rainer Zeuss

Keyword(s):

Friction Factor ◽

Lateral Displacement ◽

Piping System ◽

Metallic Contact ◽

Axial Forces ◽

Lateral Forces ◽

Friction Factors ◽

Generic Data ◽

External Loads

In December 2013, a new version of EN 1591-1 (1) was issued. Apart from several other modifications, the treatment of external loads was included in this calculation standard for circular bolted flanged joints. In the former standard, only axial forces and bending moments resulting from the piping system were considered; in the new issue lateral forces and shear moments can also be treated. There are two possibilities to counterbalance the lateral forces and the shear moments: firstly by metallic contact of the flanges and secondly by friction between the gasket and the flange surfaces. While the first option cannot occur in the type of flange connection (with a floating gasket between the flanges) covered by EN 1591-1, the lateral displacement of the flanges can only be prevented by friction between the gasket and flange surfaces. Therefore, the friction factor μG was introduced in the calculation procedure. In an informative annex of EN 1591-1 (Annex E), some friction factors are published exemplarily. These factors are based on values published in the German nuclear codes KTA 3201.2 (2) and KTA 3211.2 (3). The origin of these values can’t be retraced anymore. For this reason, it is stated in Annex E that these values are probably very conservative, and that an experimental determination of the factors should be preferentially used. Incidentally, overly conservative friction factors lead to higher required bolt forces to counterbalance the external loads, which may result in an overstressing of the components of the bolted flanged joint. Therefore, the European Sealing Association (ESA) decided to determine generic data for different types of gaskets which could be published in the next revision of EN 1591-1. In this paper the results of this project are presented.

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Determination of Axial Force in Tie Rods of Historical Buildings Using the Model-Updating Technique

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10176036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 6036

Author(s):

Ivan Duvnjak ◽

Suzana Ereiz ◽

Domagoj Damjanović ◽

Marko Bartolac

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Model Updating ◽

Mode Shapes ◽

Historical Buildings ◽

Historical Building ◽

Geometrical Properties ◽

Axial Forces ◽

Tie Rods

Tie rods are structural elements that transfer axial tensile loads and are typically used on walls, vaults, arches, and buttresses in historical buildings. To verify their load-bearing capacity and identify possible structural damage risks, the forces transferred by tie rods and the corresponding stresses must be determined. However, this is often a challenging task due to the lack of project documentation for historical buildings. Uncertainties like complex boundary conditions or unknown material and geometrical properties make it hard to assess the tie rods’ load level. This paper presents a methodology for the determination of axial forces in tie rods that combines on-site experimental research and a numerical model-updating technique. Along with the common approach based on a determination of the natural frequency of tie rods, this paper presents an approach based on tie rods’ mode shapes. Special emphasis is placed on the boundary conditions coefficient, which is a crucial parameter in the analytical solution for axial forces determination based on the conducted on-site experiments. The method is applied in a historical building case study.

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