Procalcitonin as a postmortem sepsis marker. A comparison of the validity of results obtained from blood serum, aqueous humour and cerebrospinal fluid

BACKGROUND: Consciousness is the state of being awake and aware of oneself and the environment. The disorders of consciousness result from pathologies that impair awareness. The development of effective comprehensive personalized interventions contributing to the recovery of consciousness in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness is one of the most pressing and challenging tasks in modern rehabilitation. AIM: The aim of this study was to understand structural problems of the pituitary gland, blood levels of gonadotropins and melatonin as well as brain damage markers in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness and to analyze the levels of the above markers among different groups of patients depending on the level of impaired consciousness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 61 chronic disorders of consciousness patients and identified three groups depending on the level of consciousness including 24 patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, 24 patients with a minus minimally conscious state, and 13 patients with minimally conscious state plus. We performed magnetic resonance imaging of chiasmatic-sellar region and determined blood serum levels of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones and melatonin, as well as urinary level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and the content of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apoptosis antigen (APO-1), FasL, glutamate, and S100 protein in the blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: The patients were examined in the age ranging from 15 to 61 years old. Patient groups were homogeneous by the level of consciousness in terms of age and duration of chronic disorders of consciousness by the time of examination. The patients did not differ in the pituitary volume regardless of the level of consciousness. No significant differences were found between the groups with different levels of consciousness when studying the levels of melatonin in the blood serum and its metabolite in the urine. A peak in melatonin secretion was detected at 3 a.m. in 54.5 % of the patients, which can be considered as a favorable prognostic marker for further recovery of consciousness. Hypogonadotropic ovarian failure was found in 34 % of the patients, with normogonadotropic ovarian failure in the remaining patients. Serum APO-1 and BDNF levels were significantly higher in patients with minimally conscious state relative to those with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. Significantly lower levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid were detected in women with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome compared to patients with minimally conscious state. CONCLUSIONS: Further in-depth examination and accumulation of data on patients with chronic disorders of consciousness may provide an opportunity to identify highly informative markers for predicting outcomes and to develop new effective approaches to rehabilitation of consciousness in this category of patients.

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The relationship between CSF and serum findings when diagnosed with syphilis

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj49811 ◽

1935 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 138-138

Author(s):

F. Каug

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Specific Reaction ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Positive Serum ◽

The Relationship

The authors studied the question of whether a highly sensitive and strictly specific reaction of blood serum flocculation can be an auxiliary tool in assessing positive reactions of cerebrospinal fluid. A study of 1400 cases has proven that a positive serum flocculation reaction invariably accompanies a special colloidal reaction (Goldsolreaktion).

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Micro-determination of calcium and magnesium in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/an9598400024 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 84 (994) ◽

pp. 24 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

G. Hunter

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Calcium And Magnesium

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Different Distribution Pattern of Retinol-Binding Protein (RBP) and Prealbumin in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood Serum

Protides of the Biological Fluids ◽

10.1016/b978-0-08-031739-7.50057-4 ◽

1985 ◽

pp. 219-220

Author(s):

T.O. KLEINE

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Retinol Binding Protein

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Die Untersuchung von Körperflüssigkeiten mit geringer Proteinkonzentration mittels einer Kombination von Mikro-Disk- Elektrophorese und Elektroimmundiffusion /Investigations of Body Fluids with Low Protein Content by the Combination of Micro-Disc-Electrophoresis and Electroimmunodiffusion

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1977-5-614 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 32 (5-6) ◽

pp. 405-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

O. Schmut ◽

H. Katschnig ◽

M. Zirm

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Human Body ◽

Aqueous Humour ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Disc Electrophoresis ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Low Protein

Abstract Fluids of the human body with low protein content, i.e. aqueous humour, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine were analyzed by a combination of micro-disc-electrophoresis and electroimmuno-diffusion. By this method both qualitative and quantitative statements about the proteins of these fluids can be established.

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THE PASSAGE OF NEUTRALIZING SUBSTANCES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN POLIOMYELITIS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.25.4.499 ◽

1917 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 499-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Simon Flexner ◽

Harold L. Amoss

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Horse Serum ◽

Immune Serum ◽

Normal Serum ◽

Aseptic Inflammation ◽

Set Up ◽

Acute Poliomyelitis ◽

Intraspinal Injection

The cerebrospinal fluid taken very early and quite late in the course of acute poliomyelitis exhibits no neutralizing action on filtered poliomyelitic virus. The blood serum on the 6th day of the disease already contains the neutralizing principles. The injection of sterile horse serum into the cerebrospinal meninges in monkeys increases their permeability, so that they permit the immunity neutralizing principles passively injected into the blood to pass into the cerebrospinal fluid. The passage in passively immunized monkeys takes place during a relatively brief space of time and apparently only while the inflammatory reaction produced by the horse serum is at its height. It is established for monkeys and rendered probable for man that the intraspinal injection of immune serum in poliomyelitis is curative. In monkeys normal serum exerts no such action, and at present nothing can be stated definitely regarding the therapeutic effect of normal serum in man except that probably any benefits which may arise from its employment would be attributable not to the action of the serum as such, but to the escape of circulating immunity principles in the blood made possible by the aseptic inflammation set up by it in the meninges. As the immunity principles appear in the blood only after several days, and the reported favorable effects of the immune serum treatment relate to the first days of illness, the employment of normal serum is thus not indicated, while that of an immune serum is.

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Dynamics of cytokine activity of cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum of carnivores with pain syndrome

The Agrarian Scientific Journal ◽

10.28983/asj.y2021i1pp52-55 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 52-55

Author(s):

Sergey Dmitrievich Klyukin ◽

Vladimir Vasilyevich Salautin ◽

Sergey Vasilyevich Kozlov ◽

Nikolai Alexandrovich Pudovkin ◽

Daniil Sergeevich Frolov

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Ifn Gamma ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Necrosis Factor

New data on the mechanisms of pain syndrome development in dogs and cats were obtained, in particular, the role of anti - inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL - 6), interferon - gamma (IFN - gamma), tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-alfa) in the formation and manifestation of this pathology was determined. The results obtained allow us to assess the dynamics of the immune status of animals with pain syndrome. Cytokines: IL-4, IL-6, and IFN - gamma showed high significance in the diagnosis of pain syndrome. Thus, the values of IL-4 in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum in dogs in the first experimental group were 3.5 times and 3.4 times higher in the second experimental group than in the control, in cats of the first experimental group-4.3 and 4.6 times in the second experimental group. As well as IL-4, both IL - 6 and IFN - gamma showed their high activity, in contrast to TNF-alfa, which was less sensitive to changes in pain syndrome.

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