Distribution of synapses on two local auditory interneurones, ON1 and ON2, in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket: relationships with GABA-immunoreactive neurones

1996 ◽  
Vol 283 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. D. Watson ◽  
M. Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Prothoracic Ganglion

Central Mechanism of Hearing in Insects

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOBUO SUGA ◽  
YASUJI KATSUKI
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Threshold Curve ◽  
Inhibitory Interaction ◽  
Response Range ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Hair Sensilla ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Tympanic Organ ◽  
Large Fibre ◽  
The Brain

1. The impulses from the tympanic organ are transmitted at the prothoracic ganglion to a central neuron, the auditory T large fibre, which lies in the cord between the brain and the metathoracic ganglion. The impulses in the T large fibre are conducted rostrally and caudally with the same discharge pattern. Information is sent up to the brain, and down to the metathoracic ganglion, after a delay of about 12 msec. 2. The impulses from the cercal hair sensilla are transmitted to two similar auditory C large fibres which lie in the cord between the metathoracic and last (6th) abdominal ganglia and are then sent up to the mesothoracic ganglia by other auditory large fibres. 3. Central inhibitory interaction between the impulses from the tympanic nerves of the two sides are shown by a marked increase of impulses in the T large fibre following section of one of the tympanic nerves. No inhibitory interaction is found between the impulses from the two cercal nerves. 4. The auditory T large fibre receives not only the excitatory effect from the ipsilateral tympanic nerve at the prothoracic ganglion, but also the inhibitory and weak excitatory effects from the contralateral one. 5. The response range of the T large fibre is narrower than the threshold curve of the tympanic nerve and corresponds with one type of response range in the tympanic neurons. The response ranges of the C large fibres correspond closely with the threshold curve of the cercal nerve. 6. A large difference in threshold between the two T large fibres is found in the response to sound incident from the side. The number of impulses in the T large fibre nearer to the sound source is greater than in that farther from the source. 7. The difference in the number of impulses between the two T large fibres is most marked in the response to sound of the frequency which is dominant in stridulation. This difference is due to the mutual inhibitory interaction of neurons which modifies the number of impulses without changing the threshold of the tympanic large fibre. 8. It is suggested that the central inhibitory interaction increases the information about a sound source and plays an important role in the mechanism of the directional sense. 9. The stridulation of the group activates the tympanic nerve and evokes synchronized discharge in the T large fibre, but scarcely at all in the primary C large fibre. The tympanic organ and its neural network seem well adapted to reception of stridulation. 10. It is concluded that though neither of the two sound receptive organs--the tympanic organ and the cercal hair sensilla--can perform frequency analysis, the insect may be able to do so by making use of both organs, since they have different frequency ranges and are served by different auditory large-fibre tracts.

Central Control of an Insect Segmental Reflex: I. Inhibition by Different Parts of the Central Nervous System

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Leg Movement ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Different Parts

1. A reflex leg movement mediated by the prothoracic ganglion of Schistocerca is completely inhibited under most normal conditions but disinhibited if the ganglion is isolated from the C.N.S. 2. Progressive lesions to the C.N.S. give progressive disinhibition. The main inhibitory areas are the metathoracic, suboesophageal and mesothoracic ganglia. 3. The left and right sides of the thoracic ganglia are to some extent independent in both the transmission and reception of inhibitory signals. There is probably negative feedback between the reflex systems of the two sides of the prothoracic ganglion. 4. The inhibitory influence of a ganglion on the reflex appears to be proportional to its level of activity and to the amount of signal it is transmitting to the prothoracic ganglion. It is not constant, and is probably not mediated by a limited number of specific inhibitory tracts. 5. The general occurrence of similar mechanisms in animal nervous systems is suggested and discussed.

scholarly journals Temperature Sensitivity in the Prothoracic Ganglion of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana, and its relationship to Thermoregulation

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-315
Author(s):  
BERNARD F. MURPHY ◽  
JAMES E. HEATH
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Central Temperature ◽  
Chill Coma ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temperature Receptors ◽  
Peripheral Temperature

1. Activity of neurones in the prothoracic ganglion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, recorded extracellularly, showed a wide range of temperature sensitivity. These responses were categorized by linear regression. 2. The regression lines with the greatest slopes are proposed to characterize central temperature receptors; warm units with lower slopes may be the result of nonspecific Q10 responses of ordinary neurones. 3. An overlap of regression lines from cells with high slopes occurs near the acclimation temperature of the animals; the regression lines of most of the warm-sensitive units reach zero firing rate near the mean chill-coma temperature (10.5°C) for this species. 4. The temperature selection by the whole animal in a temperature gradient shuttlebox was found to require central temperature receptors as well as the peripheral temperature receptors on either the antennae or tarsi. 5. Both neural and behavioural data indicate a greater sensitivity to heat than cold in cockroach thermoregulatory behaviour.

Wind-Evoked Escape Running of the cricket Gryllus Bimaculatus: I. Behavioural Analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERIBERT GRAS ◽  
MICHAEL HÖRNER
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Stimulus Source ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Spontaneous Walking

Spontaneous walking and escape running in response to wind puffs directed to the abdominal cerci were quantitatively studied in tethered walking crickets. 1. An apparatus for optically recording rotations of an air-supported sphere was developed to measure the intended locomotion of insects with high linear and temporal resolution but without mechanically imposed bias. 2. During spontaneous locomotion without sensory cues for orientation, alternate pauses of 0.35–2.2s and walking phases of 0.5–6s resulted in a highly variable pattern of locomotion on a meandering path. 3. A single air puff to one or both of the wind-sensitive cerci evoked a short run, whereas a continuous sequence of puffs caused sustained escape running with a tendency to turn away from the stimulus source. Escape running was characterized by a series of stereotyped running bouts and pauses, both significantly shorter than those recorded during spontaneous locomotion. 4. Forward speed and angular speed of escape running correlated linearly with the wind puff frequency between 5 and 10Hz. This was caused by a shortening of the standing phases, while the durations of the running bouts were constant. The reflex-like running bouts and the pattern of escape running were largely independent of the duty cycle of the wind puff series and the wind speed. Neither individual steps nor running bouts were synchronized with the stimulus pattern. 5. The behavioural modes of spontaneous walking and escape running were maintained with a minor reduction in general activity in partly dissected specimens during intracellular recording in the prothoracic ganglion. Each impaled local interneurone with locomotion-related activity generated action potentials in the actual step rhythm of walking and running bouts, but did not show specific activity during escape running. Some of these local neurones, however, showed modulations of spike frequency before or during intended turns and may participate in the coordination of the prothoracic legs.

An Acridid Auditory Interneurone

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL ◽  
J. M. McKAY
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Response Decrement ◽  
Descending Inhibition ◽  
Response Level ◽  
Short Pulses ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Central Lesions

1. The alpha neurone habituates to repetitive short (40 msec.) or long (2-3 sec.) pulses of sound. The response decrement to 10 short pulses at 1/sec. is exponential. Twenty-five minutes is required for complete recovery to 20 short pulses at 1/sec. No dishabituation followed various changes in stimulus repetition. 2. The C.N.S. affects both response level and habituation. In 13% of all animals the neurone was completely inhibited by the head ganglia and was disinhibited by decapitation. Progressive lesions reveal strong inhibition by the head ganglia, and possibly weaker inhibition by the abdominal chain; the prothoracic ganglion has no apparent effect. 3. Removal of the head ganglia almost halves the habituation rate; further removal of the abdominal chain may give a further slight reduction; the prothoracic ganglion has no effect. 4. There is a significant negative correlation between response level and habituation. This could be partially explained if the absolute response decrement is independent of response level. The remaining decrease in habituation observed suggests either a further link between response level and habituation at the synapse, or possibly independent central control of both. Central control affects habituation more than response level. 5. Spontaneous variation in response level is unaffected by the various central lesions. It thus arises in the posterior thoracic ganglia, and not as descending inhibition or excitation from higher centres. 6. These findings are related to the animal's biology and to previous work.

scholarly journals De novo assembly of a transcriptome for the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus prothoracic ganglion: An invertebrate model for investigating adult central nervous system compensatory plasticity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. e0199070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison P. Fisher ◽  
Micah G. Pascual ◽  
Sylvia I. Jimenez ◽  
David A. Michaelson ◽  
Colby T. Joncas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
De Novo Assembly ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Adult Central Nervous System ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Invertebrate Model ◽  
Compensatory Plasticity

Ultrasound-sensitive neurons descending in the thoracic nervous system of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Response Amplitude ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Teleogryllus Oceanicus ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Neuronal Types

Responses were recorded from descending, ultrasound-sensitive interneurons in the promesothoracic connectives of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. The cells were most sensitive to sounds with frequencies of 20–50 kHz. Cells differed in their directionality characteristics; some were most sensitive to ipsilateral sounds, and some were most sensitive to contralateral sounds. Consideration of other response characteristics, such as latency, spiking pattern, and response amplitude, suggests that both directionality classes may contain several neuronal types. Many, though not all, of the cells ceased responding when the connections between the prothoracic ganglion and the head ganglia were severed. Two-tone experiments were performed, and these demonstrated that the responses to high frequency sounds were suppressed by simultaneously presented low frequency sounds. Suppressing frequencies near that of the species' calling song were most effective. The presumed roles of neurons sensitive to high frequency sounds are compared between T. oceanicus and other species.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Expression Changes During Compensatory Plasticity in the Central Nervous System of the Adult Cricket Gryllus Bimaculatus: I. Auditory System Plasticity in the Prothoracic Ganglia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Wang ◽  
Harrison Fisher ◽  
Maeve Morse ◽  
Lisa L. Ledwidge ◽  
Jack O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tuning Curve ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Auditory Afferents ◽  
Go Terms

Abstract Most adult organisms are limited in their capacity to recover from neurological damage. The auditory system of the Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, presents a compelling model for investigating neuroplasticity due to its unusual capabilities for structural reorganization into adulthood. Specifically, the dendrites of the central auditory neurons of the prothoracic ganglion sprout in response to the loss of auditory afferents. Deafferented auditory dendrites grow across the midline, a boundary they normally respect, and form functional synapses with the contralateral auditory afferents, restoring tuning-curve specificity. The molecular pathways underlying these changes are entirely unknown. Here, we used a multiple k-mer approach to re-assemble a previously reported prothoracic ganglion transcriptome that included ganglia collected one, three, and seven days after unilateral deafferentation in adult, male animals. We used EdgeR and DESeq2 to perform differential expression analysis and we examined Gene Ontologies to further understand the potential molecular basis of this compensatory anatomical plasticity. Enriched GO terms included those related to protein translation and degradation, enzymatic activity, and Toll signaling. Extracellular space GO terms were also enriched and included the upregulation of several protein yellow family members one day after deafferentation. Investigation of these regulated GO terms help to provide a broader understanding of the types of pathways that might be involved in this compensatory growth and can be used to design hypotheses around identified molecular mechanisms that may be involved in this unique example of adult structural plasticity.

Central Control of an Insect Segmental Reflex

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-201
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Signal Flow ◽  
Arousal System ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Prothoracic Ganglion ◽  
Segmental Reflex

1. The prothoracic grooming reflex of the locust is normally inhibited by the rest of the C.N.S. This paper examines the effect of removing the most powerful inhibitory source, the metathoracic ganglion, on the signal flow in and out of the prothoracic ganglion. 2. Removal of the metathoracic ganglion decreases the number of action potentials entering the prothoracic ganglion; the number of action potentials leaving the prothoracic ganglion increases. Since the recording samples only about 1% of the axons in the connective, mainly large ones, and since the sample is probably different in different preparations, it is concluded that removal of the input from the metathoracic ganglion causes a general disinhibition of the prothoracic ganglion. 3. Inhibition of the grooming reflex is probably due to this general inhibition of the ganglion, not to a specific inhibitory connexion with the metathoracic ganglion. It is suggested that the total input to the ganglion may, apart from its specific functions, contribute to a non-specific inhibition, possibly via a ganglionic arousal system.

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