12-month SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistency in a Tyrolean COVID-19 cohort

Summary Background Short-term antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been shown previously. The further development remains to be determined. Methods We prospectively followed 29 coronavirus disease 2019 cases, mean age 44 ± 13.2 years. Except for one participant in whom rheumatoid arthritis existed, all other cases were previously healthy. We determined anti-viral binding antibodies at 2–10 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after disease onset as well as neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against wild type at 6 and 12 months and the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants at month 12. Three binding antibody assays were used, targeting the nucleocapsid protein (NCP), the S1 subunit of the spike protein, and the receptor binding domain (RBD). Results Antibodies to the RBD persisted for 12 months in all cases with increasing concentrations, whereas antibodies to S1 dropped below cut-off point in 7 participants and NCP antibodies were above cut-off point in only 5 subjects at month 12. The NAb against wild type were detected in all but 2 samples at 12 months of follow-up but clearly less frequently when targeting the variants. In 5 participants who were vaccinated against COVID-19 there was a strong increase of antibodies against S1 and RBD as well as an increase of NAb titres against wild type and the variants. Conclusion There was a persisting antibody response against SARS-CoV‑2 up to 12 months after COVID-19 with declining concentrations except for RBD and a strong increase of all antibody concentrations after vaccination.

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6-month SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistency in a Tyrolian COVID-19 cohort

Wiener klinische Wochenschrift ◽

10.1007/s00508-020-01795-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Deisenhammer ◽

Wegene Borena ◽

Angelika Bauer ◽

Janine Kimpel ◽

Dagmar Rudzki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Private Life ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

Antibody Testing ◽

Antibody Assays

Summary Background As coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 evolved only recently, the persistency of the anti-viral antibody response remains to be determined. Methods We prospectively followed 29 coronavirus disease 2019 cases, mean age 44 ± 13.2 years. Except for one participant with a pre-existing diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, all other participants were previously healthy. We determined anti-viral binding antibodies at 2–10 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after disease onset as well as neutralizing antibodies at 6 months. Two binding antibody assays were used, targeting the S1 subunit of the spike protein, and the receptor binding domain. Results All participants fully recovered spontaneously except for one who had persisting hyposmia. Antibodies to the receptor binding domain persisted for 6 months in all cases with a slight increase of titers, whereas antibodies to S1 dropped below the cut-off point in 2 participants and showed a minimal decrease on average, mainly at month 3 of follow-up in males; however, neutralizing antibodies were detected in all samples at 6 months of follow-up. Conclusion There is a stable and persisting antibody response against acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at 6 months after infection. Neutralizing antibodies confirm virus specificity. As the number of coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent cases is increasing sharply, antibody testing should be implemented to identify immunized individuals. This information can be helpful in various settings of professional and private life.

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More rapid, robust and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

10.1101/2021.08.04.21261561 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina E Racine-Brzostek ◽

Jim Yee ◽

Ashley Sukhu ◽

Yuqing Qiu ◽

Sophie Rand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Real World ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Vaccine Dose ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Antibody Levels

Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 subjects: comparing BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19 [RecoVax]; 49 never been diagnosed [NaiveVax]) to 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced a delay in generating SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels (TAb) and neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the 1st vaccine dose (D1), but a rapid increase in antibody levels was observed after the 2nd dose (D2). However, these never reached the robust levels observed in RecoVax. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4-weeks post-D2 (p=0.003;p<0.001). For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted throughout this study, after reaching maximal levels 2-weeks post-D2; but SNAb decreased significantly ~6-months post-D1 (p=0.002). Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by ~6-months post-D1. These data suggest that one vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb overtime, long-term avidity maybe a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

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Characterization of Infecting Strains and Superantigen-Neutralizing Antibodies inStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00329-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 487-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Dorothee Grumann ◽

Eeva Ruotsalainen ◽

Julia Kolata ◽

Pentti Kuusela ◽

Asko Järvinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Injection Drug Users ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Drug Users ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Prospective Clinical Study ◽

Link Type ◽

Antibody Titers

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureussuperantigens (SAgs) are highly potent T cell mitogens. Antibodies against non-enterotoxin gene cluster (non-egc) SAgs are common in healthy adults, whereas neutralizing antibodies againstegcSAgs are rare. We investigated the infectingS. aureusstrains and the anti-SAg antibody response duringS. aureusbacteremia (SAB). This prospective clinical study (www.clinicaltrials.gov,NCT00548002) included 43 injection drug users (IDUs) and 44 group-matched nonaddicts with SAB.spagenotypes and SAg gene patterns (multiplex PCR) of theS. aureusisolates were determined. The neutralizing capacities of sera obtained at the acute phase and the convalescent phase of SAB were tested against the SAg cocktail of the respective infecting strain and a panel of recombinant SAgs. The lineages CC59 and CC30 were more prevalent among bacteremia strains from IDUs than among strains from nonaddicts. SAg gene patterns in isolates from IDUs and nonaddicts were similar. At the acute phase of bacteremia, IDUs had more neutralizing antibodies against non-egcSAgs than did nonaddicts. Antibody titers frequently increased during infection. In contrast, there were no neutralizing antibodies againstegcSAgs at disease onset and such antibodies were not induced by SAB. SAB triggers an antibody response only against non-egcSAgs. Preimmunization in IDU patients is probably due to previous exposure to the infecting strain.

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The fall in antibody response to SARS-CoV-2: a longitudinal study of asymptomatic to critically ill patients up to 10 months after recovery

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01138-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maddalena Peghin ◽

Maria De Martino ◽

Martina Fabris ◽

Alvisa Palese ◽

Erica Visintini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Seroconversion Rate ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Acute Onset ◽

Serological Response ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Background. The aim was to assess long-term dynamics and factors associated with the serological response against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 after primary infection. Methods. A prospective longitudinal study with monthly serological follow-up during the first 4 months, and then at 6, 8 and 10 months after the disease onset of all recovered adult in- and out-patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) attending Udine Hospital (Italy) during the first wave (from March to May 2020). Results. 542 individuals were included (289 female, mean age 53.1 years), mostly with mild COVID-19 (370, 68.3%). Patients were followed for a median of 302 days (Interquartile Range, 186-311). Overall seroconversion rate within two months was 32% for IgM and 90% for IgG. Seroreversion was observed in 90% of patients for IgM at 4 months and in 47% for IgG at 10 months. older age, number of symptoms at acute onset, severity of acute COVID-19, were all independent predictors of long-term immunity both for IgM (β, linear regression coefficient, 1.10, p=0.001; β 5.15 p=0.014; β 43.84 p=0.021, respectively) and for IgG (β 1.43 p<0.001; β 10.46 p<0.001; β 46.79 p<0.001, respectively), whereas the initial IgG peak was associated only with IgG duration (β 1.12, p <0.001). Conclusions. IgM antibodies disappeared at four months and IgG antibodies declined in about half of patients 10 months after acute COVID-19. These effects varied depending on the intensity of the initial antibody response, age and burden of acute COVID-19.

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Evaluation of four commercial, fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests suggests a revision of the Siemens SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay

10.1101/2020.11.27.20239590 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Irsara ◽

Alexander E. Egger ◽

Wolfgang Prokop ◽

Manfred Nairz ◽

Lorin Loacker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Onset ◽

Clinical Validation ◽

Diagnostic Specificity ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Negative Results ◽

Antibody Assays ◽

Site Evaluation ◽

Antibody Tests ◽

Very High

AbstractObjectivesSerological tests detect antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the ongoing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Independent external clinical validation of performance characteristics is of paramount importance.MethodsFour fully automated assays, Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Siemens SARS-CoV-2 total (COV2T) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG (COV2G) were evaluated using 350 pre-pandemic samples and 700 samples from 245 COVID-19 patients (158 hospitalized, 87 outpatients).ResultsAll tests showed very high diagnostic specificity. Sensitivities in samples collected at least 14 days after disease onset were slightly lower than manufacturers’ claims for Roche (93.04%), Abbott (90.83%), and Siemens COV2T (90.26%), and distinctly lower for Siemens COV2G (78.76%). Concordantly negative results were enriched for immunocompromised patients. ROC curve analyses suggest a lowering of the cut-off index for the Siemens COV2G assay. Finally, the combination of two anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays is feasible when considering borderline reactive results.ConclusionsThorough on-site evaluation of commercially available serologic tests for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 remains imperative for laboratories. The potentially impaired sensitivity of the Siemens COV2G necessitates a switch to the company’s newly filed SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay (sCOVG) for follow-up studies. A combination of tests could be considered in clinical practice.

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CD4 T-Cell-Independent Antibody Response Reduces Enterovirus 71 Lethality in Mice by Decreasing Tissue Viral Loads

Clinical and Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1155/2012/580696 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Li-Chiu Wang ◽

Chia-Min Kao ◽

Pin Ling ◽

Ih-Jen Su ◽

Tung-Miao Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Wild Type ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Deficient Mice

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has induced fatal encephalitis in hundreds of thousands of infants and young children in the Asia-Pacific region since the past decade. Lymphocyte and antibody responses have been suspected to aggravate EV71-induced neurological symptoms, so anti-inflammatory agents have been used to treat patients with neurological symptoms. In the present study, we found that mice deficient in CD4+T cells were resistant to EV71 infection as wild-type mice, whereas mice deficient in B cells were highly susceptible to viral infection. Compensation of CD4 T-cell function by other immune cells was not likely, because wild-type mice depleted of CD4+T cells were also resistant to viral infection. Infected CD4 T-cell-deficient mice produced virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, IgM and IgG. Moreover, adoptive transfer of the virus-specific antibody produced by infected CD4 T-cell-deficient mice protected B-cell-deficient mice from infection by reducing tissue viral loads. Collectively, our results show that the CD4 T-cell-independent antibody response promotes the survival of EV71-infected mice and suggest great potential for the use of vaccines and neutralizing antibodies to reduce fatal symptoms in patients.

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Neutralizing anti-interferon beta antibodies are associated with reduced side effects and delayed impact on efficacy of Interferon-beta

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458507082066 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 212-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

R. Farrell ◽

R. Kapoor ◽

S. Leary ◽

P. Rudge ◽

AJ Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Relapse Rate ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Interferon Beta ◽

Luciferase Assay ◽

Published Data ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Binding Antibody ◽

Pre Treatment

Interferon-beta (IFNβ) is a biological therapy which is immunogenic, inducing anti-IFN-β neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) in some subjects. The frequency of Nabs varies depending on IFN-β product and the Nab assay used. Objective Assess frequency of Nabs using novel Luciferase assay, evaluate association with relapses, frequency of side effects and to compare results with published data. Methods Serum samples at 12 and 24 months and a follow up sample were tested for binding and Nabs. Titre >20 NU was considered positive. Charts were reviewed retrospectively for clinical data. Results Out of 327 subjects included, 130 subjects (40%) were binding antibody positive, 89 (27%) were Nab +ve at anytime. Risk at 12 months for being Nab +ve: Avonex 8%, Betaferon 39%, Rebif 33%, P < 10-5; at 24 months 8, 31 and 27% respectively, P = 0.002. Nab titres were highest in Rebif Nab +ve subjects — 50% >320 NU. Annualized relapse rate was 1.53 pre-treatment, after treatment relapse rate was higher in Nab +ve group 0.67 (95% CI 0.38—0.97) versus 0.5 (0.38—0.61) Nab —ve P = 0.04. Nab status at 12 and 24 months was significantly associated with risk of subsequent relapse, risk being greatest in those with highest titres. Side effects were also significantly associated with Nab —ve status. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 212—218. http://msj.sagepub.com

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Evaluation of four commercial, fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests suggests a revision of the Siemens SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2020-1758 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Irsara ◽

Alexander E. Egger ◽

Wolfgang Prokop ◽

Manfred Nairz ◽

Lorin Loacker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Onset ◽

Clinical Validation ◽

Diagnostic Specificity ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Negative Results ◽

Antibody Assays ◽

Site Evaluation ◽

Antibody Tests ◽

Very High

Abstract Objectives Serological tests detect antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the ongoing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Independent external clinical validation of performance characteristics is of paramount importance. Methods Four fully automated assays, Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Siemens SARS-CoV-2 total (COV2T) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG (COV2G) were evaluated using 350 pre-pandemic samples and 700 samples from 245 COVID-19 patients (158 hospitalized, 87 outpatients). Results All tests showed very high diagnostic specificity. Sensitivities in samples collected at least 14 days after disease onset were slightly lower than manufacturers’ claims for Roche (93.0%), Abbott (90.8%), and Siemens COV2T (90.3%), and distinctly lower for Siemens COV2G (78.8%). Concordantly negative results were enriched for immunocompromised patients. ROC curve analyses suggest a lowering of the cut-off index for the Siemens COV2G assay. Finally, the combination of two anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays is feasible when considering borderline reactive results. Conclusions Thorough on-site evaluation of commercially available serologic tests for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 remains imperative for laboratories. The potentially impaired sensitivity of the Siemens COV2G necessitates a switch to the company’s newly filed SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay for follow-up studies. A combination of tests could be considered in clinical practice.

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Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in lung cancer patients: Reactivity to vaccine antigen and variants of concern.

10.1101/2022.01.03.22268599 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Rajesh Valanparambil ◽

Jennifer Carlisle ◽

Susanne Linderman ◽

Akil Akthar ◽

Ralph Linwood Millett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Type Strain ◽

Wild Type Strain ◽

Specific Binding ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Wild Type ◽

Live Virus ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Binding Antibody ◽

Nsclc Patients

Purpose: We investigated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced binding and live-virus neutralizing antibody response in NSCLC patients to the SARS-CoV-2 wild type strain and the emerging Delta and Omicron variants. Methods: 82 NSCLC patients and 53 healthy adult volunteers who received SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines were included in the study. Blood was collected longitudinally, and SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and live-virus neutralization response to 614D (WT), B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants were evaluated by Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay and Focus Reduction Neutralization Assay (FRNT) respectively. We determined the longevity and persistence of vaccine-induced antibody response in NSCLC patients. The effect of vaccine-type, age, gender, race and cancer therapy on the antibody response was evaluated. Results: Binding antibody titer to the mRNA vaccines were lower in the NSCLC patients compared to the healthy volunteers (P=<0.0001). More importantly, NSCLC patients had reduced live-virus neutralizing activity compared to the healthy vaccinees (P=<0.0001). Spike and RBD-specific binding IgG titers peaked after a week following the second vaccine dose and declined after six months (P=<0.001). While patients >70 years had lower IgG titers (P=<0.01), patients receiving either PD-1 monotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of both did not have a significant impact on the antibody response. Binding antibody titers to the Delta and Beta variants were lower compared to the WT strain (P=<0.0001). Importantly, we observed significantly lower FRNT50 titers to Delta (6-fold), and Omicron (79-fold) variants (P=<0.0001) in NSCLC patients. Conclusions: Binding and live-virus neutralizing antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in NSCLC patients were lower than the healthy vaccinees, with significantly lower live-virus neutralization of B.1.617.2 (Delta), and more importantly, the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant compared to the wild-type strain. These data highlight the concern for cancer patients given the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.

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Longitudinal Serological Analysis and Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Patients

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa659 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Frauke Muecksch ◽

Helen Wise ◽

Becky Batchelor ◽

Maria Squires ◽

Elizabeth Semple ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Neutralization Titer ◽

Serological Assay ◽

Antibody Assays ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Binding Antibody ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Prior Infection ◽

Commercial Platform

Abstract Background Understanding the longitudinal trajectory of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies is crucial for diagnosis of prior infection and predicting future immunity. Methods We conducted a longitudinal analysis of coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent patients, with neutralizing antibody assays and SARS-CoV-2 serological assay platforms using SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) antigens. Results Sensitivities of serological assays in diagnosing prior SARS-CoV-2 infection changed with time. One widely used commercial platform that had an initial sensitivity of >95% declined to 71% at 81–100 days after diagnosis. The trajectories of median binding antibody titers measured over approximately 3–4 months were not dependent on the use of SARS-CoV-2 N or S proteins as antigen. The median neutralization titer decreased by approximately 45% per month. Each serological assay gave quantitative antibody titers that were correlated with SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers, but S-based serological assay measurements better predicted neutralization potency. Correlation between S-binding and neutralization titers deteriorated with time, and decreases in neutralization titers were not predicted by changes in S-binding antibody titers. Conclusions Different SARS-CoV-2 serological assays are more or less well suited for surveillance versus prediction of serum neutralization potency. Extended follow-up should facilitate the establishment of appropriate serological correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.

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