Spinopelvic alignment and lumbar vertebral shape in children: associations with structural spinal abnormalities and body composition in the generation R study

Abstract Purpose To investigate the spinopelvic alignment and vertebral shape in children, and associations with body composition and structural spinal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods We performed a cross-sectional study embedded in the Generation R Study, a prospective population-based birth cohort. Pelvic incidence and vertebral concavity ratios for each lumbar level were determined on sagittal MRI images in 9-year-old children, and structural spinal abnormalities were scored semi-quantitatively. The BMI-SD score was calculated, and body composition was assessed using DXA scans. Associations of pelvic incidence and vertebral concavity ratios with structural abnormalities and body composition measures were assessed using (multilevel) regression analyses. Results This study included 522 participants (47.7% boys), aged 9.9 years (IQR 9.7–10.0). The mean pelvic incidence was 36.6° (SD 8.0). Vertebral concavity ratios ranged from 0.87 to 0.90, with significantly lower ratios for boys compared to girls. Associations were found for a larger pelvic incidence with decreased disc height [OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.02–1.05)], and a pelvic incidence in the lowest tertile with less disc bulging [OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.56–0.95)]. Increased vertebral concavity ratio was associated with decreased disc height [OR 14.16 (95% CI 1.28–157.13)]. Finally, increased fat-free mass index was associated with a smaller pelvic incidence [adjusted OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.07–1.63)]. Conclusion The mean pelvic incidence of 9-year-old children is 36.6° on supine MRI images, and a slightly concave shape of the lumbar vertebrae is seen. Spinopelvic alignment is associated with structural spinal abnormalities, and might itself be influenced by the children’s body composition.

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INDIRECT DECOMPRESSION BY LATERAL FUSION: ANALYSIS OF SAGITAL ALIGNMENT

Coluna/Columna ◽

10.1590/s1808-185120212001233732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 50-54

Author(s):

Thyago Guirelle Silva ◽

Rodrigo Augusto do Amaral ◽

Raphael Rezende Pratali ◽

Luiz Pimenta

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Pelvic Incidence ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Disc Height ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Indirect Decompression ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the effectiveness of indirect decompression after lateral access fusion in patients with high pelvic incidence. Methods: A retrospective, non-comparative, non-randomized analysis of 22 patients with high pelvic incidence who underwent lateral access fusion, 11 of whom were male and 11 female, with a mean age of 63 years (52-74), was conducted. Magnetic resonance exams were performed within one year after surgery. The cross-sectional area of the thecal sac, anterior and posterior disc heights, and bilateral foramen heights, measured pre- and postoperatively in axial and sagittal magnetic resonance images, were analyzed. The sagittal alignment parameters were measured using simple radiographs. The clinical results were evaluated using the ODI and VAS (back and lower limbs) questionnaires. Results: In all cases, the technique was performed successfully without neural complications. The mean cross-sectional area increased from 126.5 mm preoperatively to 174.3 mm postoperatively. The mean anterior disc height increased from 9.4 mm preoperatively to 12.8 mm postoperatively, while the posterior disc height increased from 6.3 mm preoperatively to 8.1 mm postoperatively. The mean height of the right foramen increased from 157.3 mm in the preoperative period to 171.2 mm in the postoperative period and that of the left foramen increased from 139.3 mm in the preoperative to 158.9 mm in the postoperative. Conclusions: This technique is capable of correcting misalignment in spinal deformity, achieving fusion and promoting the decompression of neural elements. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study.

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Composição Corporal de Adultos Com Síndrome de Down e Excesso de Peso Atendidos em Hospital Universitário

Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde ◽

10.17921/1415-6938.2018v22n1p47-52 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Leiliane Cruz Reis ◽

Livia Maria Machado Nunes ◽

Maria Edilma Da Silva Bezerra ◽

Rosilene Reis Della Noce

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Down Syndrome ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

University Hospital ◽

Normal Range ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Mean ◽

The City

Pessoas com Síndrome de Down podem, frequentemente, apresentar doença cardíaca congênita, hipotireoidismo, distúrbios gastrointestinais e tendência ao sobrepeso e obesidade, comprometendo gravemente a saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a composição corporal de adultos com Síndrome de Down - SD e excesso de peso, atendidos em um Hospital Universitário. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo realizado na cidade de Belém do Pará, no ano de 2017, onde os participantes com SD, foram avaliados para determinação da composição corporal com a utilização do aparelho de bioimpedância elétrica InBody230. Foram avaliados 13 indivíduos de ambos os sexos com idades variando entre 20 e 40 anos. A média de peso dos indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino foi de 71,8 kg e 69,2 kg respectivamente, a média de Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC foi de 31,27 kg/m² para os homens e 34,08 kg/m² para as mulheres, classificada em obesidade. A maioria dos indivíduos apresenta Massa Muscular Esquelética - MME e Massa Livre de Gordura - MLG dentro da faixa de normalidade, porém os valores de Massa de Gordura (MG), assim como a Relação Cintura Quadril - RCQ de todos os indivíduos estão elevados. O acompanhamento individualizado da composição corporal, por meio da bioimpedância elétrica, mostrou ser um instrumento eficaz para avaliação do estado nutricional dessa população.Palavras-chave: Síndrome de Down. Composição Corporal. Bioimpedância Elétrica.AbstractPeople with Down Syndrome can often have congenital heart disease, hypothyroidism, gastrointestinal disorders, and tendency to overweight and obesity severely compromising health. The objective of this study was to describe the body composition in adults with Down Syndrome and overweight treated in a University Hospital. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out in the city of Belém do Pará in 2017, where the participants with DS, were evaluated to determine the body composition with the use of InBody 230 electric bioimpedance device. Eight individuals of both sexes with ages varying between 20 and 40 years were evaluated. The mean weight of the male and female subjects was 71.8 kg and 69.2 kg respectively, the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 31.27 kg / m² for men and 34.08 kg / m² for women, classified as obesity. The majority of individuals had a Skeletal Muscle Mass (MME) and Fat Free Mass (MLG) within the normal range, but the values of Mass of Fat (MG), as well as the Hip Waist Ratio (WHR) of all individuals are high. The individualized monitoring of body composition through electric bioimpedance proved to be an effective tool for assessing the nutritional status of this population.Keywords: Down Syndrome. Body composition. Electric impedance.

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Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0479 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 611-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jameason D. Cameron ◽

Ronald J. Sigal ◽

Glen P. Kenny ◽

Angela S. Alberga ◽

Denis Prud’homme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

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BMD status of Postmenopausal Women in relation with BMI: A study with 93 cases

Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjnm.v17i2.28200 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 138-141

Author(s):

Samira Sharmin ◽

Mabubul Haque ◽

Syedur Rahman Miah ◽

Md Mahbub Ur Rahman ◽

Jasmine Ara Haque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Spine ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

The Body ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

T Score ◽

Minimal Trauma ◽

The Mean

Objectives: Low bone mass is a common disorder in elderly population which predisposes to fracture with minimal trauma. This study was performed to find out the association between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences Comilla and Mitford, Dhaka over a period of 12 months from January 2013 to December 2013. A total 93 postmenopausal women were enrolled for this study. All postmenopausal women underwent a BMD scan of femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae using a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Participants were categorized into three groups according to their age and BMI. BMD were expressed base on T-score according to WHO criteria. The relation among BMI, age and BMD were assessed.Results: The results of this study showed that the mean age of the study group was 57.13±7.49 years with range of 46 to 75 years. The most postmenopausal women were in age group 55-65years. The mean BMI of the study subjects were 24.18±5.08 kg/m2 with a range of 15.62 to 36.20 kg/m2. Among 93 subjects osteopenia was greater at lumbar spine (45.2%) with T-score mean±SD-1.83±0.33 and osteoporosis at femoral neck (51.6%) with T-score mean ±SD-3.36±-0.67. Pearsons correlation coefficient test showed inverse relationship between age and BMD both lumbar spine (r = -0.301, p = 0.003) and femoral neck (r = -0.303, p=0.003) whereas the positive relation between BMI and BMD both at lumbar spine (r=0.338, p=0.001) and femoral neck (r =0.343, p=0.001). These showed that with advancing age, BMD decreases and the risk of osteoporosis increases and with increasing BMI, BMD increases and risk of osteoporosis decreases.Conclusion: The findings of this study portrait that aging and low BMI are risk factors associated with bone loss. So preventive measure should be taken for high risk post menopausal women.Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 17(2): 138-141, July 2014

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Obesity, smoking status and their relationships in selected population groups

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny ◽

10.32394/rpzh.2021.0173 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 291-299

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Average Value ◽

Copd Patients ◽

The Mean

Background. Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and recently the role of overweight and obesity in lung disease has received new interest. Chronic obstructive lung disease is the third-leading cause of death globally, and both obesity and diet appear to play roles in its pathophysiology. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an inverse association between obesity and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between smoking, lipid profile and obesity (body composition changes) in a selected groups of population (30 non-smokers, 30 smokers and 60 COPD patients). Material and Methods. We evaluated fat mass, fat free mass, body mass index and lipid profile in a group of 120 randomly selected probands (60 COPD patients; 30 smokers without COPD; 30 non-smokers without COPD) to identify possible negative relationships of smoking to body composition. To the measurement of fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) was used a device Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (Bodystat Ltd, British Isles). The device works by using four-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Laboratory parameters as total cholesterol (T-C), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TG) were investigated by automated clinical chemistry analyzer LISA 200th. The measured values were statistically processed and evaluated in a statistical program STATISTICA Cz. Version 7.1. (Kruskall-Wallis test). Results. A comparison of the mean fat mass we found statistically highly significant differences between the group of COPD patients and non-smokers (P <0.001) and insignificant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between the other groups of our experiment. A comparison of the mean fat mass values of all three groups of the experiment shows a steady increase in fat from non-smokers (17.66 ± 10.04 kg) to COPD patients with the highest mean value (25.08 ± 10.14 kg). In the group of COPD patients we recorded the lowest average value of FFM (51.76 ± 13.84 kg), in group of smokers the middle (56.06 ± 10.76 kg) and in non-smokers the highest average value of FFM (59.91 ± 9.90 kg) at relatively the same body weight in the groups. Based on calculated body mass index (BMI), we found in group of COPD patients overweight in 15 cases (25%), obesity in 7 patients (11.67%), severe obesity in 14 patients (23.3%) and morbid obesity in 2 patients (3.33%); in the group of smokers overweight in 16 cases (53.33%), obesity in 5 cases (16.6%) and severe obesity in 1 case (3.33%); in non-smokers we recording overweight in 14 cases (46.67%), obesity in 5 cases (16.67%) and severe obesity in 2 cases (6.67%). In the lipid profile of the monitored groups of probands, we observed statistically significant differences only for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.001) between the group with COPD and smokers, as well as between the group of smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.05). Conclusions. In the vast majority of patients with COPD, the lung damage that leads to COPD is caused by long-term cigarette smoking. The presence and absence of risk factors such as smoking, inappropriate lipid profile and obesity (amount of fat mass) in selected population groups were observed. Additional studies to explore both the quantitative and qualitative changes in body composition with disease process of COPD are required.

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Two Novel Models Evaluating the Determinants of Resting Metabolic Rate in Indian Children

10.21203/rs.3.rs-196719/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Aravind Areekal ◽

Anuradha Khadilkar ◽

Veena Ekbote ◽

Neha Kajale ◽

Arun S. Kinare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Childhood Development ◽

Relative Mass ◽

Kidney Volume ◽

Indian Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multi Centre Study ◽

The Mean

Abstract Resting metabolic rate (RMR) quantifies the minimal energy required to sustain vital body functions and is a crucial component of childhood development. While inter-individual variations in RMR have been studied for over a century they are poorly understood. Wang (Am. J. Hum., 2012) has modelled mean RMR per unit body mass (RMR/BM) in children grouped into age classes one year apart; this model is able to explain the variation in RMR/BM very accurately in a reference Caucasian dataset based on the relative masses of four major organs (liver, kidney, brain, heart) and the residual mass. However, it is not clear if it applies to other ethnicities, especially when the variation in the RMR is observed to be large in a population. Here we address the extent to which such a model can be adapted to explain RMR/BM in Indian children. Here we present two novel phenomenological models that describe the mean RMR/BM stratified by age in Indian children and adolescents, using data from the Multi-Centre Study (MCS) and RMR-USG. MCS is a cross-sectional dataset on 495 (235 girls) children aged 9 to 19 years with anthropometric, body composition and RMR measurements. RMR-USG consists of anthropometric data, RMR, and liver and kidney volume measured through ultrasonography in nine girls and nine boys aged 6 to 8 years. The mean RMR/BM in Indian children is observed to be significantly lower compared to their Caucasian counterparts, except in boys in the age groups 9 to 11 years and 12 to 13 years. The first is a modified Wang model in which the relative masses of four major organs are assumed to be uniformly lowered for Indian children. Theoretical predictions of size are not uniformly borne out in a pilot validation study, however, the relative mass of the kidney is indeed found to be significantly lower. We then present another version of the Wang model to demonstrate that changes in body composition alone can also explain the Indian data. Either model can be thus used phenomenologically to estimate mean RMR/BM by age in Indian children; however, understanding the mechanistic basis of variation in RMR/BM remains an open problem.

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Association Between Body Composition with Pulmonary Function Tests

10.21203/rs.3.rs-112097/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hamidreza Pouragha ◽

Hosein Kazemi ◽

Gholamreza Pouryaghoub ◽

Ramin Mehrdad

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Pulmonary Function ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Pulmonary Function Tests ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

The Other ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Why is bodyweight not a predictor of lung function, however, height, sex, race, and age are predictors of lung capacity and function. In this study, we want to investigate the association between body composition and pulmonary function. And as much as possible, answer the question of why bodyweight is not predictive of lung function.Method: This cross-sectional study was performed among 2967 employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) who participated in the TUMS Employees Cohort (TEC) study. The body composition of the participants was measured using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) method. Anthropometric variables were also measured as a confounder. The pulmonary function of participants was assessed by a forced spirometry test.Results: The correlation of BIA values including fat-free mass and total body water with a pulmonary function such as FEV1, FVC, and FEF25-75 is higher than most anthropometric values such as weight, wrist circumference, and the waist to hip ratio. Also, in regression analysis, age and sex had an association with pulmonary function, but the weight did not show a significant relationship. On the other hand, fat-free mass and visceral fat were significantly associated with pulmonary function. One is direct and the other is inverse.Conclusion: The hypothesis that the results of this study created in the minds of the authors were that; The direct association of fat-free mass with pulmonary function may be ineffective by the inverse association of visceral fat with pulmonary function, leading to a lack of association between weight and pulmonary function.

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Evaluation of Body Composition in Hemodialysis Thai Patients: Comparison between Two Models of Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2018/4537623 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kulapong Jayanama ◽

Supanee Putadechakun ◽

Praopilad Srisuwarn ◽

Sakda Arj-Ong Vallibhakara ◽

Prapimporn Chattranukulchai Shantavasinkul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Inbody 720

Background. Body composition measurement is very important for early nutritional care in hemodialysis patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a gold standard test, but clinically limited. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with multifrequency technique is a practical and reliable tool. Objective. This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare the agreement of BIA with DXA in measurement of body composition in hemodialysis patients and to evaluate their associated factors. Methods. Body composition was measured by 2 BIA methods (InBody S10 and InBody 720) and DXA after a hemodialysis session. A total of 69 measurements were included. Pearson’s correlation and Bland and Altman analysis were used to determine the correlation of body composition between methods and to compare the methods agreement, respectively. Results. The correlation coefficients of body compositions were strong between DXA and InBody S10 (fat mass index (FMI): r=0.95, fat-free mass index (FFMI): r=0.78) and also between DXA and InBody 720 (FMI: r=0.96, FFMI: r=0.81). Comparing to DXA, the means of each body composition measured by InBody S10 method were not significantly different in each gender, but differences were found in FM, %FM, and FMI measured by InBody 720. Conclusions. In maintenance hemodialysis patients, the measurement of body composition with DXA and both BIA methods had highly significant correlations; practically, BIA method could be used as an instrument to follow FM and FFM and to measure the edematous stage. Further studies with large populations are warranted.

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Obesity and Body Composition in Preschool Children with Different Levels of Actigraphy-Derived Physical Activity—A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9041210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1210

Author(s):

Justyna Wyszyńska ◽

Piotr Matłosz ◽

Agnieszka Szybisty ◽

Paweł Lenik ◽

Katarzyna Dereń ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Steps Per Day

Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess body composition among preschool children differentiated according to their levels of PA and to assess whether meeting the current PA recommendations is associated with a lower risk of obesity, determined by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). Free-living PA was measured using accelerometers for 7 days in children aged 5 to 6 years. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition. Significant differences in content of BFP, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) were found between boys meeting and not meeting moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations. Meeting the MVPA recommendation was associated with a twofold lower risk of obesity determined by BFP in boys but not in girls. In contrast, the total number of recommended steps per day was not related to adiposity in boys or girls. No statistically significant differences were observed in body composition indices and quintiles of MVPA. Boys in the 3rd–5th quintiles of steps per day presented significantly lower BFP and higher muscle mass and TBW than their peers in quintile 1. However, different associations were observed between body composition indices and quintiles of PA.

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Body composition changes affect energy cost of running during 12 months of specific diet and training in amateur athletes

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0023 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 938-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Giovanna Ghiani ◽

Elisabetta Marongiu ◽

Franco Melis ◽

Giuseppina Angioni ◽

Irene Sanna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Energy Cost Of Running ◽

The Mean ◽

Composition Changes ◽

Assess Body Composition ◽

And Training ◽

Specific Diet

Considering the relation between body weight composition and energy cost of running, we tested the hypothesis that by modifying body composition by means of a combined protocol of specific diet and training, the energy cost of motion (Cr) may be reduced. Forty-five healthy and normal-weight subjects were divided into 3 groups that performed a different treatment: the first group attended a dietary protocol (D), the second group participated in a running program (R), and the third group followed both the dietary and running protocols (R&D). Each subject underwent 3 anthropometric and exercise evaluation tests during 1 year (at entry (T0), month 6 (T6), and month 12 (T12)) to assess body composition and Cradjustments. The mean fat mass (FM) values were reduced in R&D from 12.0 ± 4.0 to 10.4 ± 3.0 kg (p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group from 14.2 ± 5.8 to 11.6 ± 4.7 kg (p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12). Conversely, the mean fat free mass values increased in R&D (from 56.3 ± 8.8 to 58.3 ± 9.8 kg, p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group (from 50.6 ± 13.2 to 52.9 ± 13.6 kg, p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12). The mean Cr values of the 2 groups were significantly modified throughout the 1-year protocol (1.48 ± 0.16 and 1.40 ± 0.15 kcal·kg–b·km−1in the R&D group at T0 and T12, respectively; 1.83 ± 0.17 and 1.76 ± 0.23 kcal·kg–b·km−1in D group at T0 to T12, respectively). The R&D and D groups that underwent the diet protocol had a positive change in body composition during the year (FM/fat free mass ratio decline), which determined a Crreduction.

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