scholarly journals Inter-daily variability of a strong thermally-driven wind system over the Atacama Desert of South America: synoptic forcing and short-term predictability using the GFS global model

2014 ◽  
Vol 121 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Jacques-Coper ◽  
Mark Falvey ◽  
Ricardo C. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Wind System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Synoptic Forcing ◽  
Thermally Driven ◽  
Daily Variability

scholarly journals Potential Net Primary Productivity in South America: Application of a Global Model

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Raich ◽  
E. B. Rastetter ◽  
J. M. Melillo ◽  
D. W. Kicklighter ◽  
P. A. Steudler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Global Model

scholarly journals Selective consumption of rodents by the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Andrés Muñoz-Pedreros ◽  
Heraldo Norambuena ◽  
Claudia Gil ◽  
Jaime Rau
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Desert Zone ◽  
Introduced Rodent ◽  
Prey Items

Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology of G. polyosoma in a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet of G. polyosoma consisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p < 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species, Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Eligmodontia puerulus (Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species: Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1769) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769).

Pliocene short-term climate changes preserved in continental shallow lacustrine-palustrine carbonates: Western Opache Formation, Atacama Desert, Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1795-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol B. de Wet ◽  
Andrew P. de Wet ◽  
Linda Godfrey ◽  
Elizabeth Driscoll ◽  
Samuel Patzkowsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
Depositional System ◽  
Setting Events ◽  
Climate Shifts ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Climate Proxies ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Multiple climate proxies indicate episodic changes in moisture levels within an ∼1 Ma duration (early–mid Pliocene) interval. Limestones within the Opache Formation, Calama Basin, Atacama Desert region, Chile, contain evidence for wetter and drier periods on short time scales. Proxies include carbonate lithological changes, paleontology (stromatolites, oncolites, gastropods, ostracods and diatoms), O and C stable isotopes, geochemistry, and mineralogical changes (aragonite, calcite, Mg-calcite, dolomite and gypsum) throughout a 30 m stratigraphic section. Stromatolite fossil cyanobacteria dark and light laminations and mesohaline to hypersaline diatom species suggest Pliocene annual seasonality. Short-term changes between wetter and drier conditions indicate that at least this part of the Atacama region was experiencing relatively rapid early–mid Pliocene climate instability. The predominance of limestone in the Opache Formation, in contrast to the 1500 m of Oligocene-Miocene siliciclastic conglomerates and sandstones, interpreted as arid climate alluvium, that underlie it, indicates a shift from arid or hyperarid climate to a semi-arid climate. Semi-arid conditions promoted limestone deposition in a shallow lacustrine-palustrine environment. In this setting, events such as storms with associated surface water flow, erosion, siliciclastic sand, gravel, and intraclast deposition, coupled with significant biological activity, represent sedimentation during more humid periods in a shallow lacustrine depositional environment. In contrast, limestone characterized by mudcracks, Navicula diatoms, and vadose syndepositional cementation, reflect periods of enhanced evaporation, water shallowing, and episodic desiccation, characteristic of a palustrine depositional system. These facies shifts, in conjunction with geochemical and isotopic proxy evidence, yield a sedimentary record of wetter and drier climate shifts.

Short-Term Climate Extremes: Prediction Skill and Predictability

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 512-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Becker ◽  
Huug van den Dool ◽  
Malaquias Peña
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Prediction Skill ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Potential Predictability ◽  
Atlantic Hurricane ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Main Development

Abstract Forecasts for extremes in short-term climate (monthly means) are examined to understand the current prediction capability and potential predictability. This study focuses on 2-m surface temperature and precipitation extremes over North and South America, and sea surface temperature extremes in the Niño-3.4 and Atlantic hurricane main development regions, using the Climate Forecast System (CFS) global climate model, for the period of 1982–2010. The primary skill measures employed are the anomaly correlation (AC) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). The success rate of forecasts is also assessed using contingency tables. The AC, a signal-to-noise skill measure, is routinely higher for extremes in short-term climate than those when all forecasts are considered. While the RMSE for extremes also rises, especially when skill is inherently low, it is found that the signal rises faster than the noise. Permutation tests confirm that this is not simply an effect of reduced sample size. Both 2-m temperature and precipitation forecasts have higher anomaly correlations in the area of South America than North America; credible skill in precipitation is very low over South America and absent over North America, even for extremes. Anomaly correlations for SST are very high in the Niño-3.4 region, especially for extremes, and moderate to high in the Atlantic hurricane main development region. Prediction skill for forecast extremes is similar to skill for observed extremes. Assessment of the potential predictability under perfect-model assumptions shows that predictability and prediction skill have very similar space–time dependence. While prediction skill is higher in CFS version 2 than in CFS version 1, the potential predictability is not.

A Study on the Establishment of a System to Remove/Reduce Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) in Central and South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yong-Jae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South America ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Conformity Assessment ◽  
Group Interview ◽  
Technical Regulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Technical Regulations

The purpose of this article is to analyze and investigate, to find out the appropriate way to remove/reduce TBT when exporting goods between Korea and Central & South America. The elimination strategy of TBT with aid of technical regulations or standards is beyond this article scope and only the conformity assessment shall be considered as the strategic measure of eliminating TBT. The scope of this article is in accord with the international standards corresponding to countries technical regulations and standards, every membership countries must prevent TBT-related Specific Trade Concern (STC) to WTO. This article analyzes international rules & systems with following research methodology. First, the article makes use of reviewing 2nd data analysis and focuses on a group interview, and then compares with an analysis of the international rules and systems, such as customs system, technical regulation, and standards through test & certification procedures and inspections. Second, this article reviews electric/electronic tests, certifications, and calibration. Third, through analyzing MRA between Korea and Central & South America, the article focuses on SDOC, Mutual Acceptance of International tests & certification and the IEC CB scheme. The results show that it is important to promote multi-track agreements with the countries that need a short-term promotion. Moreover, it is necessary to conclude an agreement with the leading countries in the Middle East and Central & South America. This article intends to draw a conclusion and make implication as follows. Through the reviews and analysis, the importance of promotion in FTA and MRA with the efforts to remove/reduce the obstacles and promote to make a remove/reduce TBT by MRA between Korea and Central & South America is shown.

Weberbauerella chilensis (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae), a new species from the Atacama Desert, Chile

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio Saldivia ◽  
LUIS FAÚNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
First Record ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
A New Species

A new legume species, Weberbauerella chilensis, from the Andean foothills in the Tarapacá region in Chile, is described and illustrated. This species represents the first record of the genus in Chile and the Southern Cone of South America and is the third species described for the genus. Weberbauerella chilensis resembles  W. brongnartioides from Peru, but differs primarily in its smaller size, fewer leaflets and habitat conditions.

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