Correction to: Differences in perceived intra-oral dryness in various dry-mouth patients as determined using the Regional Oral Dryness Inventory

Dry mouth or xerostomia is the feeling that there is not sufficient saliva in the mouth. If this is present all or most of the time then it can be uncomfortable. It can also sometimes indicate health problems and as a result should be brought to the attention of a health care professional. Xerostomia does not always equate to hyposalivation. There are ways to assess degrees of oral dryness, namely-CODS (clinical oral dryness scoring) which helps to give a numerical value to the oral signs.

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Role of hormone replacement therapy in relieving oral dryness symptoms in postmenopausal women: a case control study

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01966-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lina Wang ◽

Lilei Zhu ◽

Yao Yao ◽

Yajuan Ren ◽

Hongcan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Estradiol Levels ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background To evaluate the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in relieving oral symptoms in postmenopausal women presenting with genitourinary symptoms along with oral dryness. Methods A case–control study was conducted after selecting 60 postmenopausal women. Oral dryness status of all the patients was evaluated with the help of questionnaire related to oral dryness. These subjects were divided into case group and control group on the basis of response to questionnaire of oral dryness. Unstimulated saliva samples were obtained and analyzed for estimation of salivary estradiol levels by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay technique. After analyzing the result of salivary estradiol levels, case group was subjected to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The patients were followed up for their response towards oral dryness as well as salivary estradiol levels after the therapy. Results The mean salivary estradiol level before HRT was significantly more among control group as compared to case group (p value < 0.001). Most of the patients complained of dry mouth (26 out of 30); reduced amount of saliva in the mouth (25 out of 30); dry mouth at night (28 out of 30); dry mouth during the day (25 out of 30) before HRT. These complains were significantly reduced after the therapy. The mean salivary estradiol in the case group levels increased significantly after HRT (p value < 0.001). Conclusion The salivary estradiol levels were reduced in post menopausal women with the complain of xerostomia as compared to those without the complain of xerostomia. Further these levels can be recovered with the help of hormone replacement therapy.

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The relationship between the severity of oral dryness and the use of dry-mouth interventions by various subgroups of dry-mouth patients

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-021-04292-x ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Z. Assy ◽

H. S. Brand ◽

C. P. Bots ◽

F. J. Bikker

Keyword(s):

Dry Mouth ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

The Relationship

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Differences in perceived intra-oral dryness in various dry-mouth patients as determined using the Regional Oral Dryness Inventory

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-020-03734-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Z. Assy ◽

C. P. Bots ◽

H. Z. Arisoy ◽

S. S. Gülveren ◽

F. J. Bikker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Medical Records ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Specific Patient ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Female Specific ◽

Xerostomia Inventory

Abstract Objectives Recently, it was shown that the Regional Oral Dryness Inventory (RODI) could determine differences in dry-mouth perception at different intra-oral locations. The main aim of this study was to determine whether the RODI might help to discriminate between various causes of oral dryness in dry-mouth patients. The second aim was to ascertain whether the RODI could become an additional diagnostic tool in dry-mouth patients. Materials and methods Data were collected retrospectively from patients who visited a specialized saliva clinic. Salivary flow rates, Xerostomia Inventory scores, and RODI scores were extracted from the medical records. Patients were stratified into subgroups according to their health status. Results Five hundred twenty-eight patients participated in this study (mean age of 59.6 ± 16.0 years; 68.4% female). Specific patient groups differed with regard to the region of the mouth they experienced as the most and least dry. The posterior palate was the area perceived as most dry by controls and Sjögren patients. In patients using limited or multiple medications, it was the anterior tongue. RODI scores also differed significantly among dry-mouth patient groups: whereas controls and patients using limited medication had the lowest RODI scores and experienced less intra-oral dryness, Sjögren patients had the highest RODI scores. Conclusion Our use of the RODI questionnaire showed that perceived intra-oral dryness differed between the various dry-mouth patients. Clinical relevance The RODI can be a valuable clinical diagnostic tool in dry-mouth diagnostics, in which it can be used to discriminate between the various causes of oral dryness in patients.

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The association between oral dryness and use of dry-mouth interventions in Sjögren’s syndrome patients

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-021-04120-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Z. Assy ◽

F. J. Bikker ◽

O. Picauly ◽

H. S. Brand

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Sjögren’S Syndrome ◽

Sjögren's Syndrome ◽

Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽

Sjogren's Syndrome ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Posterior Tongue ◽

Sjögren‘S Syndrome

Abstract Objective Sjögren’s syndrome patients use different dry-mouth interventions for the relieve of their oral dryness. Recently, it was shown that patients with dry-mouth complaints have regional differences in perceived intra-oral dryness. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the use of dry-mouth interventions is related to the perceived regional oral dryness. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was performed among Sjögren’s patients. Volunteers could anonymously administer various questionnaires, including the Regional Oral Dryness Inventory (RODI), Xerostomia Inventory (XI), Bother Index (BI) and a list of dry-mouth interventions. Results Sjögren’s syndrome patients use a wide variety for the relieve of oral dryness. “Drinking water’’ and “moistening the lips’’ were used most frequently. Dry-mouth interventions, “drinking water’’, “rinsing of the mouth”, and “drinking small volumes” had significant associations with the RODI-scores of the posterior palate, and anterior and posterior tongue, respectively. On the other hand, “using mouth gel’’ had a significant association with the RODI-scores of the inside cheeks. Conclusion Sjögren’s syndrome patients are more likely to use mouth gels when their inside cheeks were experienced as most dry, while they drank water, rinsed their mouth or drank small volumes if the posterior palate, and anterior and posterior tongue were considered as dry. It can be concluded that intra-oral dryness affects dry-mouth perception and thereby also the use of the various dry-mouth interventions. Clinical relevance The therapeutic choice of dry-mouth interventions by Sjögren’s syndrome patients seems to some extent to be related to dryness at specific intra-oral regions.

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Potential Application of Ixeris dentata in the Prevention and Treatment of Aging-Induced Dry Mouth

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121989 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1989 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kashi Bhattarai ◽

Hwa-Young Lee ◽

Seung-Hyun Kim ◽

Jong-Sug Park ◽

Hyung-Ryong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Submandibular Gland ◽

The Elderly ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Treated Group ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Aquaporin 5 ◽

Aging Rats ◽

Gland Weight ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Ixeris Dentata

Dry mouth is a common complaint among the elderly population. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ixeris dentata (IXD) extract on aging-induced dry mouth. We used young (two months) and aged (20 months) SD rats in our study. Using water as the vehicle, IXD extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was given via oral gavage to the young and aged rats for eight weeks. We found that the salivary flow rate relative to the submandibular gland weight was differently influenced by IXD extract treatment. IXD extract augmented the submandibular gland acinar cells, which are depleted during aging. In addition, the decreased salivary alpha-amylase, inositol triphosphate receptor, and aquaporin-5 in the aging rats were upregulated by IXD treatment. Free radical-induced oxidative stress in the aging rats was also alleviated in the IXD-treated group. The formation of high molecular weight complexes of protein disulfide isomerase, decreased expression of an ER chaperone (GRP78), and increased ER stress response (ATF-4, CHOP and p-JNK) in aging rats was regulated with IXD treatment, and eventually increased salivary secretions from the aging submandibular glands. These are the first data to suggest that IXD extract might ameliorate aging-associated oral dryness by regulating the ER environment.

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Differentiation of Dry Mouth Etiology

Advances in Dental Research ◽

10.1177/08959374960100010101 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 13-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

P.C. Fox

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Common Complaint ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Salivary Gland Disease

Dry mouth is a common complaint. While it is often considered to be synonymous with the diagnosis of salivary gland disease, this is not the case. There are many causes of the symptomatic complaint of oral dryness, both salivary and non-salivary. This paper will review the causes of "dry mouth" and the means of establishing the underlying diagnosis.

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Regional differences in perceived oral dryness as determined with a newly developed questionnaire, the Regional Oral Dryness Inventory

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-020-03276-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (11) ◽

pp. 4051-4060

Author(s):

Zainab Assy ◽

D. H. J. Jager ◽

E. Mashhour ◽

F. J. Bikker ◽

H. S. Brand

Keyword(s):

Dry Mouth ◽

Subjective Feeling ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Record System ◽

Related Individual ◽

Saliva Secretion ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Dental Practices ◽

Xerostomia Inventory

Abstract Objectives Several questionnaires, such as the internationally validated and frequently used Xerostomia Inventory (XI), have been developed to quantify the subjective feeling of a dry mouth. These questionnaires quantify the overall perception of dry mouth but lack the possibility to differentiate between various intra-oral regions. In this light, a novel questionnaire, the Regional Oral Dryness Inventory (RODI), which quantifies the severity of dryness at various locations in the mouth, was evaluated. Materials and methods A retrospective case report study was designed. Data were collected from patients who visited the saliva clinic for Special Care Dentistry in Amsterdam. Data, including the saliva secretion rates, RODI scores, the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) score, and Clinical Oral Dryness Score (CODS), were extracted from the electronic health record system Oase Dental. Results A total of 337 patients participated in this study with an average age of 54 ± 17 years. The majority of the patients were female (68.5%). The perceived dryness as determined by the RODI was the highest for the posterior palate and the lowest for the floor of the mouth. The highest correlations were found between the corresponding regions in the RODI and regionally related individual items of the XI and CODS. Conclusion There is a significant difference in dry-mouth feeling at different intra-oral locations. Clinical relevance Regional evaluation of xerostomia with RODI might improve diagnosis of xerostomia by helping to discriminate between different potential causes of oral dryness in patients and for evaluating the efficacy of mouth-moistening products. RODI is highly accessible and easy to perform in dental practices during routine clinical assessment.

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