scholarly journals Post-COVID-19 arthritis: a case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gasparotto ◽  
V. Framba ◽  
C. Piovella ◽  
A. Doria ◽  
Luca Iaccarino
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Immunological Mechanism ◽  
Immune Mediated

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the novel pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak. Researchers and clinicians are exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viral-induced damage and growing interest is focusing on the short-term and long-term immune-mediated consequences triggered by the infection. We will focus on post-SARS-CoV2 infection arthritis which may arise as a new pathological condition associated with COVID-19. In this article, we describe a case of acute oligoarthritis occurring 13 days after a SARS-CoV2 severe pneumonia in a middle-aged Caucasian man and we go over a brief review of the current available literature. We hypothesize that molecular mimicry might be the basic immunological mechanism responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related arthritis based on the current knowledge of SARS-CoV2 and on the known pathogenetic mechanism of viral-induced arthritis.

scholarly journals Rheumatoid arthritis onset after COVID-19 infection: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 3713
Author(s):  
Thafar S. A. Safar ◽  
Karmen B. Katay ◽  
Reem H. Khamis
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Primary Health Care Centre ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Small Hand ◽  
History Of

At the end of 2019, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Worldwide researchers and physician try to explore the mechanisms of damage induced by virus, they focus on the short-term and long-term immune-mediated consequences induced by the virus infection. Every day discover a new pathological condition induced by virus and new symptoms and disease may occur after recovery from disease. Our case report is 41 years old, Indian lady who presented to our primary health care centre complaining of multiple small hand joints pain, both elbows and knees pain with swelling of them and prolonged morning stiffness, diagnosed seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (arthritis, positive rheumatoid factor (RF), and X-ray changes) after 1 month recovery from COVID-19 infection. She did not have any joint pain and she had negative RF before COVID-19 infection with no family history of RA.

scholarly journals Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and early immunomodulators

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Yil Lee ◽  
Jung-Woo Rhim ◽  
Jin-Han Kang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Current Guidelines

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading globally. Although its etiologic agent is discovered as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are many unsolved issues in COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. The causes of different clinical phenotypes and incubation periods among individuals, species specificity, and cytokine storm with lymphopenia as well as the mechanism of damage to organ cells are unknown. It has been suggested that in viral pneumonia, virus itself is not a direct cause of acute lung injury; rather, aberrant immune reactions of the host to the insults from viral infection are responsible. According to its epidemiological and clinical characteristics, SARS-CoV-2 may be a virus with low virulence in nature that has adapted to the human species. Current immunological concepts have limited ability to explain such unsolved issues, and a presumed immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented under the proteinhomeostasis-system hypothesis. Every disease, including COVID-19, has etiological substances controlled by the host immune system according to size and biochemical properties. Patients with severe pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 show more severe hypercytokinemia with corresponding lymphocytopenia than patients with mild pneumonia; thus, early immunomodulator treatment, including corticosteroids, has been considered. However, current guidelines recommend their use only for patients with advanced pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Since the immunopathogenesis of pneumonia may be the same for all patients regardless of age or severity and the critical immune-mediated lung injury may begin in the early stage of the disease, early immunomodulator treatment, including corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, can help reduce morbidity and possibly mortality rates of older patients with underlying conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R Leeming ◽  
Abigail J Johnson ◽  
Tim D Spector ◽  
Caroline I Le Roy
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modifiable Factor ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Dietary Strategies

The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.

scholarly journals Vaccine Targeted Alpha 1D-Adrenergic Receptor for Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1551-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Li ◽  
Xiaole Yan ◽  
Danyu Wu ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Xin Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Long Term Observation

The α1-AR (α1 adrenergic receptor) blockers currently on the market cannot meet clinical needs because of low-selectivity for subtypes of α1-ARs, short half-life, and uncertain role in cardiovascular end point events. The study sought to find a vaccine specifically against α1D-AR (α1D-adrenergic receptor) for treating hypertension. A short peptide ADR-004 (cgiteeagy) belonging to α1D-AR was screened, and the ADRQβ-004 vaccine was produced and injected into spontaneously hypertensive rats model (including a short-term study, 10 weeks, and a long-term observation study, 39 weeks) and NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester + spontaneously hypertensive rats model (15 weeks). The antihypertensive effect and target organ protection of the ADRQβ-004 vaccine were carefully evaluated. The possible immune-mediated damage was detected in normal vaccinated Sprague Dawley rats. The ADR-004 peptide has perfect immunogenicity, and the ADRQβ-004 vaccine could induce strong antibody production. In the short-term study, the ADRQβ-004 vaccine averagely decreased the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats up to 15 mm Hg and that of NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester+spontaneously hypertensive rats up to 29 mm Hg. In the long-term observation model, the antihypertensive effect of the ADRQβ-004 vaccine was quite stable, and the average decline of systolic blood pressure was 22 mm Hg. The ADRQβ-004 vaccine effectively prevented vascular structural remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and renal injury of hypertensive animals, superior to prazosin at renal level. Moreover, the ADRQβ-004 vaccine obviously downregulated the expression of α1D-AR, but not α1A-AR. Additionally, no significant immune-mediated damage was detected in immunized animals. The present results demonstrate that the ADRQβ-004 vaccine may provide a novel and promising method for the treatment of hypertension.

scholarly journals Conversion of short-term to long-term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm

2013 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon J. Moore ◽  
Kaivalya Deshpande ◽  
Gwen S. Stinnett ◽  
Audrey F. Seasholtz ◽  
Geoffrey G. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Novel Object Recognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Novel Object

scholarly journals Novelty at second glance: A critical appraisal of the novel-object paradigm based on meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Takola ◽  
E. T. Krause ◽  
C. Müller ◽  
H. Schielzeth
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Standardized Testing ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Food Label ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Individual Consistency

ABSTRACTThe study of consistent individual differences in behaviour has become an important focus in research on animal behaviour. Behavioural phenotypes are typically measured through standardized testing paradigms and one frequently used paradigm is the novel object test. In novel object tests, animals are exposed to new (unknown) objects and their reaction is quantified. When repeating trials to assess the temporal consistency of individual differences, researchers face the dilemma of whether to use the same or different ‘novel’ objects, since the same stimulus can result in habituation, while exposure to different objects can result in context-dependent responses. We performed a quantitative assessment of 254 effect sizes from 113 studies on novel-object trials to evaluate the properties of this testing paradigm, in particular the effect of object novelty and time interval between novel-object trials on estimates of individual consistency. We found an increase of sample sizes and an increase of estimates of repeatabilities with time. The vast majority of short-term studies (<one month) used different novel objects, while long-term studies (>one month) used either the same or different novel objects about equally often. The average estimate for individual consistency was r = 0.47 (short-term r = 0.52, long-term r = 0.44). Novelty, time interval between trials and their interaction together explained only 3% of the total heterogeneity. Overall, novelobject trials reliably estimate individual differences in behaviour, but results were very heterogeneous even within the same study species, suggesting susceptibility to unknown details in testing conditions. Most studies that measure novel-object responses in association with food label the trait as neophobia, while novel-object trials in a neutral context are labelled variously as boldness/shyness, exploratory behaviour or neophobia/neophilia. Neophobia/neophilia is also the term most specific to novel object presentations. To avoid ambiguity, we suggest object neophobia/neophilia as the most specific label for novel-object responses.

scholarly journals The possible role of molecular mimicry in SARS-CoV-2-mediated autoimmunity: an immunobiochemical basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. e560
Author(s):  
Dženan Kovačić ◽  
Jovana Jotanović ◽  
Jasmina Laković
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
First Time

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), persists as a threat to global health and continues to be a rapidly evolving condition. Although COVID19 is negatively correlated with the existing comorbidities in terms of the clinical outcome, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to mediate the novel, or to exacerbate the existing autoimmune conditions, has generated considerable interest, due to its potential implications both with regard to patients suffering from autoimmune conditions, as well as to the long-term consequences of the disease. However, although molecular mimicry has been postulated as a potential causative factor in post-COVID19 autoimmunity and multi-organ damage, a substantial body of research needs to emerge in order to achieve a more definitive conclusion. We investigated the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 peptide sequences behaving as molecular mimics with a potential to trigger an autoimmune response. Thus, on the basis of analysis in silico, we were able to develop a plausible case for the molecular mimicry as a potential aetiological mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-mediated autoimmunity, both in a multi-organ damage context or outside of the viral phase of infection. Interestingly, this is the first time that the peptide sequence of MACROD1 has been implicated in the COVID-19 autoimmunity. Additionally, we also confirm that PARP9 and PARP14 may be involved in the process.

scholarly journals Does Zero-COVID neglect health disparities?

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107763
Author(s):  
Nancy S Jecker ◽  
Derrick K S Au
Keyword(s):  
Health Equity ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Us ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ethical Basis

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) first declared the novel coronavirus a pandemic, diverse strategies have emerged to address it. This paper focuses on two leading strategies, elimination and mitigation, and examines their ethical basis. Elimination or ‘Zero-COVID’ dominates policies in Pacific Rim societies. It sets as a goal zero deaths and seeks to contain transmission using stringent short-term lockdowns, followed by strict find, test, trace and isolate methods. Mitigation, which dominates in the US and most European nations, sets targets for community transmission and lifts restrictions once targets are met. This approach takes calculated risks and regards a certain amount of disease and death as ethically justified. Section I examines different societal responses to risk that underlie these different policy approaches. Section II focuses on ethical arguments favouring Zero-COVID and raises health equity objections. Section III proposes a long-term strategy that balances the twin goals of promoting population health and health equity.

scholarly journals Flare management in atopic dermatitis: from definition to treatment

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 204062232110667
Author(s):  
Giampiero Girolomoni ◽  
Valentina Maria Busà
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Acute Exacerbations ◽  
Definition Of

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin immune-mediated inflammatory disease with a chronic-recurrent course. Acute exacerbations or flares are an integral part of the AD course and are generally defined as disease worsening, requiring escalation/intensification of treatment. Management of flares is crucial since their prevention is a key aim of long-term disease control. Nevertheless, difficulties related to this aspect are several, starting from the definition of flare itself, which is not always satisfactory or unambiguous, and needs clarification. Indeed, this hurdle may reduce clarity on treatment choice and generate difficulties when comparing data between studies. Deepening our knowledge on flares could be highly relevant to both clinicians and patients to provide adequate control of the disease through patient education and appropriate treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the management of AD flares from definition to treatment, highlighting aspects that are still unclear, and identifying any necessary unmet needs to better manage AD.

scholarly journals The Economic Impact Assessment of the Novel Coronavirus on Tourism and Trade in Kenya: Lessons from Preceding Epidemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wanjala
Keyword(s):  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Economic Impact Assessment ◽  
Supply Shocks ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: This paper aims to assess the impact of contemporary Coronavirus Pandemic on tourism and trade with its potential implications on the Kenyan economy. Method: The study considered the cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Ebola epidemics to provide an understanding of the possible impacts that the novel coronavirus pandemic could have on the economy. Results: This study established that the demand and supply shocks of the pandemic will inevitably impact Kenya’s economy specifically, the tourism and trade sectors. The Kenyan government has imposed several measures in an attempt to combat the spread of the coronavirus and cushion the country against a possible economic downturn. The study established that the policies imposed have largely focused on demand shock management. Implications: To effectively minimize the impacts of the pandemic shocks on the economy, it will be prudent for the Kenyan government to design policy responses with a blend of short term and long term orientations. The policies should be multifaceted and their design should involve stakeholders from all the relevant sectors.

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