Food density and preferred quantity: discrimination of small and large numbers in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Gómez-Laplaza ◽  
Robert Gerlai
2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G. Murphy ◽  
Daniel Bradway ◽  
Timothy Walsh ◽  
George E. Sanders ◽  
Kevin Snekvik

A freshwater angelfish ( Pterophyllum scalare) hatchery experienced variable levels of emaciation, poor growth rates, swollen coelomic cavities, anorexia, listlessness, and increased mortality within their fish. Multiple chemotherapeutic trials had been attempted without success. In affected fish, large numbers of protozoa were identified both histologically and ultrastructurally associated with the gastric mucosa. The youngest cohort of parasitized fish was the most severely affected and demonstrated the greatest morbidity and mortality. The protozoa were morphologically most consistent with Cryptosporidium. All of the protozoan life stages were identified ultrastructurally and protozoal genomic DNA was isolated from parasitized tissue viscera and sequenced. Histological, ultrastructural, genetic, and phylogenetic analyses confirmed this protozoal organism to be a novel species of Cryptosporidium.


Author(s):  
Alvaro López Caicoya ◽  
Luis Gómez Laplaza

RESUMENEstudios en diversas especies animales han mostrado que la capacidad para discriminar entre agrupaciones de diferente tamaño numérico puede proporcionar ventajas adaptativas en diferentes contextos funcionales. En el presente estudio, para examinar la capacidad de discriminación numérica del pez ángel, Pterophyllum scalare, sometimos a los sujetos a una prueba de elección binaria presentando simultáneamente dos grupos de individuos de la misma especie pero de diferente tamaño. Incluimos una modificación metodológica añadiendo un componente de memoria en la elección. Así, tras un período en que los sujetos podían observar a los grupos, se impidió la visión de los mismos durante 30 segundos antes de comenzar la prueba de discriminación. Se presentaron grupos tanto en el rango de números grandes (≥ 4 miembros) como en el rango de números pequeños (< 4 miembros). Encontramos que en el grupo de control (contraste 0 vs. 4 peces) los sujetos discriminaron el grupo con peces. Asimismo, cuando al menos uno de los grupos contenía un número de miembros en el rango de números grandes y los contrastes diferían en una razón de 1:2 (4 vs. 8 peces) o menor (1 vs. 4 peces), los sujetos mostraron preferencia por el grupo mayor. Sin embargo, cuando los contrastes estaban dentro del rango de números pequeños (1 vs. 2 y 2 vs. 3), los sujetos fallaron en la discriminación. Los resultados indican que el pez ángel puede discriminar entre grupos grandes cuando uno de ellos está constituido, al menos, por el doble de elementos que el otro. El fallo en los contrastes con grupos pequeños, con pequeñas diferencias numéricas entre ellos, sugiere la existencia de un límite en la discriminación o, alternativamente, que ante tal demanda de memoria, la saliencia de los estímulos toma prioridad en la toma de decisiones. ABSTRACTIn a variety of animal species it has been shown that the ability to discriminate between groups of different numerical size may provide adaptive advantages in different functional contexts. Quantity discrimination has frequently been investigated using dichotomous choice tests, in which the subjects must choose between two different sets of items presented simultaneously. In the present study, using the angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), groups of conspecifics of different numerical size were presented and a memory component was introduced in the choice. After a period of full view of the stimulus groups, the visual access of the test fish to the groups was prevented during 30 seconds prior to the choice. Thereafter, subjects were faced with a discrimination between groups within the large number range (≥ 4 members) and also in the small number range (< 4 members). We found that in a control group (contrast 0 vs. 4 fish) subjects discriminated the group with fish over an empty compartment. A preference for the larger group was shown when at least one of the groups had a number of members in the large number range, and the groups differed by a 1:2 (4 vs. 8 fish) or lower ratio (1 vs. 4 fish). However, in the comparisons between groups in the small number range (1 vs. 2 and 2 vs. 3), subjects failed in the discrimination. The results indicate that angelfish can discriminate between large groups when one of them has, at least, twice as many elements as the other. The failure with small groups, with small numerical differences between groups, suggests the existence of a limit in the discrimination or, alternatively, that when facing such a memory demand, the salience of the stimuli takes priority in the decision-making process.


1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Schliwa ◽  
M Osborn ◽  
K Weber

The microtubule system of melanophores of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, has been studied using antibodies prepared against purified porcine brain tubulin in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Melanophores were freed from the surrounding tissue components of isolated scales by mild enzymatic digestion and then allowed to settle on a glass cover slip. In both the dispersed and the aggregated states large numbers of fluorescent fibers are seen. The number and the astral arrangement of these fibers, which run from the central region to the periphery of the cell, are striking. The system of fluorescent fibers is replaced by diffuse fluorescence of moderate intensity after cold treatment, but is restored after rewarming the cells. Differences in the immunofluorescence profiles between cells with dispersed and aggregated pigment are discussed in relation to electron microscopic data available for this system.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Gómez-Laplaza ◽  
Laura Romero ◽  
Robert Gerlai

Abstract Comparative studies on quantity discrimination in animals are important for understanding potential evolutionary roots of numerical competence. A previous study with angelfish has shown that they discriminate numerically different sets of same-sized food items and prefer the larger set. However, variables that covary with number were not controlled and choice could have been influenced by variables such as size or density of the food items rather than numerical attributes. Here using a recently developed approach, we examined whether contour length of the food items affects choice in a spontaneous binary choice task. In Experiment 1, a contrast of 1 vs. 1 food item was presented, but the ratio between the size (diameter) of the food items was varied. In Experiment 2, numerically different food sets were equated in overall size by increasing the size (diameter) of the items in the numerically small sets. In both Experiments, subjects showed a preference for the larger sized food items with a discrimination limit. These results show that item size plays a prominent role in foraging decisions in angelfish. Experiment 3 placed numerical and size attributes of the sets in conflict by presenting one larger-sized food item in the numerically smaller set that also had smaller overall size (diameter) of food items. Angelfish showed no preference in any of the contrasts, suggesting that they could not make optimal foraging decisions when these attributes were in conflict. Maximization of energy return is central to optimal foraging. Accordingly, here item size was also found to be a key feature of the sets, although the numerical attributes of the sets also influenced the choice.


Author(s):  
Luis M. Gómez-Laplaza ◽  
Robert Gerlai

AbstractVideo playback is a widely used technique for presentation of visual stimuli in animal behavior research. In the analysis of behavioral responses to social cues, presentation of video recordings of live conspecifics represents a consistently reproducible stimulus. However, video-recordings do not interact with the experimental subject, and thus this stimulus may be inferior in the social context. Here, we evaluated how angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) respond to a video playback of conspecifics versus a live shoal of conspecifics. Using binary choice tests, subjects were presented different stimuli. Time spent close to one versus the other stimulus was considered an index of preference. We found angelfish to prefer a live shoal of conspecifics to an empty tank, and also the video playback of a shoal of conspecifics to a blank screen, although the level of preference in the latter was lower than in the former. These results indicate that video-playback of live conspecifics may be appropriate in angelfish, thus allowing manipulation of specific cues that angelfish may use in quantity discrimination. However, when we directly contrasted a live and a video recorded shoal, both having the same number of members, experimental fish preferred the live shoal. When the choice consisted of a live shoal of four conspecifics versus a video playback of a shoal of nine conspecifics no clear preference emerged. These results imply that video-playback has disadvantages in quantity discrimination studies with angelfish. Exploring procedural and/or technological parameters will verify the suitability of video-recording-based stimulus presentation for future use in angelfish.


Author(s):  
T. G. Merrill ◽  
B. J. Payne ◽  
A. J. Tousimis

Rats given SK&F 14336-D (9-[3-Dimethylamino propyl]-2-chloroacridane), a tranquilizing drug, developed an increased number of vacuolated lymphocytes as observed by light microscopy. Vacuoles in peripheral blood of rats and humans apparently are rare and are not usually reported in differential counts. Transforming agents such as phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen induce similar vacuoles in in vitro cultures of lymphocytes. These vacuoles have also been reported in some of the lipid-storage diseases of humans such as amaurotic familial idiocy, familial neurovisceral lipidosis, lipomucopolysaccharidosis and sphingomyelinosis. Electron microscopic studies of Tay-Sachs' disease and of chloroquine treated swine have demonstrated large numbers of “membranous cytoplasmic granules” in the cytoplasm of neurons, in addition to lymphocytes. The present study was undertaken with the purpose of characterizing the membranous inclusions and developing an experimental animal model which may be used for the study of lipid storage diseases.


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