scholarly journals Relationships among streptococci from the mitis group, misidentified as Streptococcus pneumoniae

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1865-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Sadowy ◽  
Agnieszka Bojarska ◽  
Alicja Kuch ◽  
Anna Skoczyńska ◽  
Keith A. Jolley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Core Genome ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Position

Abstract The aim of our study was to investigate phenotypic and genotypic features of streptococci misidentified (misID) as Streptococcus pneumoniae, obtained over 20 years from hospital patients in Poland. Sixty-three isolates demonstrating microbiological features typical for pneumococci (optochin susceptibility and/or bile solubility) were investigated by phenotypic tests, lytA and 16S rRNA gene polymorphism and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates had a 6-bp deletion in the lytA 3′ terminus, characteristic for Mitis streptococc and all but two isolates lacked the pneumococcal signature cytosine at nucleotide position 203 in the 16S rRNA genes. The counterparts of psaA and ply were present in 100% and 81.0% of isolates, respectively; the spn9802 and spn9828 loci were characteristic for 49.2% and 38.1% of isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic trees and networks, based on the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme, ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST) scheme and core-genome analysis, clearly separated investigated isolates from S. pneumoniae and demonstrated the polyclonal character of misID streptococci, associated with the Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis groups. While the S. pseudopneumoniae clade was relatively well defined in all three analyses, only the core-genome analysis revealed the presence of another cluster comprising a fraction of misID streptococci and a strain proposed elsewhere as a representative of a novel species in the Mitis group. Our findings point to complex phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships among S. mitis-like bacteria and support the notion that this group may in fact consist of several distinct species.

scholarly journals Comparative Sequence Analysis of Mycobacterium leprae and the New Leprosy-Causing Mycobacterium lepromatosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (19) ◽  
pp. 6067-6074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Y. Han ◽  
Kurt C. Sizer ◽  
Erika J. Thompson ◽  
Juma Kabanja ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Neutral Evolution ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Mycobacterium Lepromatosis ◽  
Encoding Genes

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium lepromatosis is a newly discovered leprosy-causing organism. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene and a few other gene segments revealed significant divergence from Mycobacterium leprae, a well-known cause of leprosy, that justifies the status of M. lepromatosis as a new species. In this study we analyzed the sequences of 20 genes and pseudogenes (22,814 nucleotides). Overall, the level of matching of these sequences with M. leprae sequences was 90.9%, which substantiated the species-level difference; the levels of matching for the 16S rRNA genes and 14 protein-encoding genes were 98.0% and 93.1%, respectively, but the level of matching for five pseudogenes was only 79.1%. Five conserved protein-encoding genes were selected to construct phylogenetic trees and to calculate the numbers of synonymous substitutions (dS values) and nonsynonymous substitutions (dN values) in the two species. Robust phylogenetic trees constructed using concatenated alignment of these genes placed M. lepromatosis and M. leprae in a tight cluster with long terminal branches, implying that the divergence occurred long ago. The dS and dN values were also much higher than those for other closest pairs of mycobacteria. The dS values were 14 to 28% of the dS values for M. leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a more divergent pair of species. These results thus indicate that M. lepromatosis and M. leprae diverged ∼10 million years ago. The M. lepromatosis pseudogenes analyzed that were also pseudogenes in M. leprae showed nearly neutral evolution, and their relative ages were similar to those of M. leprae pseudogenes, suggesting that they were pseudogenes before divergence. Taken together, the results described above indicate that M. lepromatosis and M. leprae diverged from a common ancestor after the massive gene inactivation event described previously for M. leprae.

scholarly journals ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma stylosanthis’, a novel taxon with a diverse host range in Australia, characterised using multilocus sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, secA, tuf, and rp genes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Rodrigues Jardim ◽  
Wycliff M. Kinoti ◽  
Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen ◽  
Cherie Gambley ◽  
Brendan Rodoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Gene Tree ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

In Australia, Stylosanthes little leaf (StLL) phytoplasma has been detected in Stylosanthes scabra Vogel, Arachis pintoi Krapov, Saccharum officinarum L., Carica papaya L., Medicago sativa L., and Solanum tuberosum L. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of StLL phytoplasma strains from S. scabra, C. papaya, S. officinarum and S. tuberosum were compared and share 99.93–100 % nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic comparisons between the 16S rRNA genes of StLL phytoplasma and other ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species indicate that StLL represents a distinct phytoplasma lineage. It shares its most recent known ancestry with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma luffae’ (16SrVIII-A), with which it has 97.17–97.25 % nucleotide identity. In silico RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA amplicon using iPhyClassifier indicate that StLL phytoplasmas have a unique pattern (similarity coefficient below 0.85) that is most similar to that of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma luffae’. The unique in silico RFLP patterns were confirmed in vitro. Nucleotide sequences of genes that are more variable than the 16S rRNA gene, namely tuf (tu-elongation factor), secA (partial translocation gene), and the partial ribosomal protein (rp) gene operon (rps19-rpl22-rps3), produced phylogenetic trees with similar branching patterns to the 16S rRNA gene tree. Sequence comparisons between the StLL 16S rRNA spacer region confirmed previous reports of rrn interoperon sequence heterogeneity for StLL, where the spacer region of rrnB encodes a complete tRNA-Isoleucine gene and the rrnA spacer region does not. Together these results suggest that the Australian phytoplasma, StLL, is unique according to the International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IRPCM) recommendations. The novel taxon ‘Ca. Phytoplasma stylosanthis’ is proposed, with the most recent strain from a potato crop in Victoria, Australia, serving as the reference strain (deposited in the Victorian Plant Pathology Herbarium as VPRI 43683).

Differentiation Of Clarias Batrachus, C. Gariepinus And Heteropneustes Fossilis By Pcr-Sequencing Of Mitochondrial 16s Rrna Gene

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shamimul Alam ◽  
Hawa Jahan ◽  
Rowshan Ara Begum ◽  
Reza M Shahjahan
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Fish Larva ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Alternative Means

Heteropneustesfossilis, Clariasbatrachus and C. gariepinus are three major catfishes ofecological and economic importance. Identification of these fish species becomes aproblem when the usual external morphological features of the fish are lost or removed,such as in canned fish. Also, newly hatched fish larva is often difficult to identify. PCRsequencingprovides accurate alternative means of identification of individuals at specieslevel. So, 16S rRNA genes of three locally collected catfishes were sequenced after PCRamplification and compared with the same gene sequences available from othergeographical regions. Multiple sequence alignment of the 16S rRNA gene fragments ofthe catfish species has revealed polymorphic sites which can be used to differentiate thesethree species from one another and will provide valuable insight in choosing appropriaterestriction enzymes for PCR-RFLP based identification in future. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 41(1): 51-58, June 2015

scholarly journals Microdiversity and phylogeographic diversification of bacterioplankton in pelagic freshwater systems revealed through long-read amplicon sequencing

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Okazaki ◽  
Shohei Fujinaga ◽  
Michaela M. Salcher ◽  
Cristiana Callieri ◽  
Atsushi Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Long Read

Abstract Background Freshwater ecosystems are inhabited by members of cosmopolitan bacterioplankton lineages despite the disconnected nature of these habitats. The lineages are delineated based on > 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, but their intra-lineage microdiversity and phylogeography, which are key to understanding the eco-evolutional processes behind their ubiquity, remain unresolved. Here, we applied long-read amplicon sequencing targeting nearly full-length 16S rRNA genes and the adjacent ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences to reveal the intra-lineage diversities of pelagic bacterioplankton assemblages in 11 deep freshwater lakes in Japan and Europe. Results Our single nucleotide-resolved analysis, which was validated using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, uncovered 7–101 amplicon sequence variants for each of the 11 predominant bacterial lineages and demonstrated sympatric, allopatric, and temporal microdiversities that could not be resolved through conventional approaches. Clusters of samples with similar intra-lineage population compositions were identified, which consistently supported genetic isolation between Japan and Europe. At a regional scale (up to hundreds of kilometers), dispersal between lakes was unlikely to be a limiting factor, and environmental factors or genetic drift were potential determinants of population composition. The extent of microdiversification varied among lineages, suggesting that highly diversified lineages (e.g., Iluma-A2 and acI-A1) achieve their ubiquity by containing a consortium of genotypes specific to each habitat, while less diversified lineages (e.g., CL500-11) may be ubiquitous due to a small number of widespread genotypes. The lowest extent of intra-lineage diversification was observed among the dominant hypolimnion-specific lineage (CL500-11), suggesting that their dispersal among lakes is not limited despite the hypolimnion being a more isolated habitat than the epilimnion. Conclusions Our novel approach complemented the limited resolution of short-read amplicon sequencing and limited sensitivity of the metagenome assembly-based approach, and highlighted the complex ecological processes underlying the ubiquity of freshwater bacterioplankton lineages. To fully exploit the performance of the method, its relatively low read throughput is the major bottleneck to be overcome in the future.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Geochemical Heterogeneity in an In Situ Uranium Bioremediation Field Site

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 6308-6318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen A. Vrionis ◽  
Robert T. Anderson ◽  
Irene Ortiz-Bernad ◽  
Kathleen R. O'Neill ◽  
Charles T. Resch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Acid Volatile Sulfide ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Geochemical Heterogeneity

ABSTRACT The geochemistry and microbiology of a uranium-contaminated subsurface environment that had undergone two seasons of acetate addition to stimulate microbial U(VI) reduction was examined. There were distinct horizontal and vertical geochemical gradients that could be attributed in large part to the manner in which acetate was distributed in the aquifer, with more reduction of Fe(III) and sulfate occurring at greater depths and closer to the point of acetate injection. Clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes derived from sediments and groundwater indicated an enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the order Desulfobacterales in sediment and groundwater samples. These samples were collected nearest the injection gallery where microbially reducible Fe(III) oxides were highly depleted, groundwater sulfate concentrations were low, and increases in acid volatile sulfide were observed in the sediment. Further down-gradient, metal-reducing conditions were present as indicated by intermediate Fe(II)/Fe(total) ratios, lower acid volatile sulfide values, and increased abundance of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the dissimilatory Fe(III)- and U(VI)-reducing family Geobacteraceae. Maximal Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction correlated with maximal recovery of Geobacteraceae 16S rRNA gene sequences in both groundwater and sediment; however, the sites at which these maxima occurred were spatially separated within the aquifer. The substantial microbial and geochemical heterogeneity at this site demonstrates that attempts should be made to deliver acetate in a more uniform manner and that closely spaced sampling intervals, horizontally and vertically, in both sediment and groundwater are necessary in order to obtain a more in-depth understanding of microbial processes and the relative contribution of attached and planktonic populations to in situ uranium bioremediation.

scholarly journals Extremely Acidophilic Protists from Acid Mine Drainage Host Rickettsiales-Lineage Endosymbionts That Have Intervening Sequences in Their 16S rRNA Genes

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 5512-5518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett J. Baker ◽  
Philip Hugenholtz ◽  
Scott C. Dawson ◽  
Jillian F. Banfield
Keyword(s):  
Acid Mine Drainage ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Acid Mine

ABSTRACT During a molecular phylogenetic survey of extremely acidic (pH < 1), metal-rich acid mine drainage habitats in the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, Calif., we detected 16S rRNA gene sequences of a novel bacterial group belonging to the order Rickettsiales in the Alphaproteobacteria. The closest known relatives of this group (92% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity) are endosymbionts of the protist Acanthamoeba. Oligonucleotide 16S rRNA probes were designed and used to observe members of this group within acidophilic protists. To improve visualization of eukaryotic populations in the acid mine drainage samples, broad-specificity probes for eukaryotes were redesigned and combined to highlight this component of the acid mine drainage community. Approximately 4% of protists in the acid mine drainage samples contained endosymbionts. Measurements of internal pH of the protists showed that their cytosol is close to neutral, indicating that the endosymbionts may be neutrophilic. The endosymbionts had a conserved 273-nucleotide intervening sequence (IVS) in variable region V1 of their 16S rRNA genes. The IVS does not match any sequence in current databases, but the predicted secondary structure forms well-defined stem loops. IVSs are uncommon in rRNA genes and appear to be confined to bacteria living in close association with eukaryotes. Based on the phylogenetic novelty of the endosymbiont sequences and initial culture-independent characterization, we propose the name “Candidatus Captivus acidiprotistae.” To our knowledge, this is the first report of an endosymbiotic relationship in an extremely acidic habitat.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Diversity, Abundance, and Ecological Distribution of Members of Candidate Division SR1 Reveals a High Level of Phylogenetic Diversity but Limited Morphotypic Diversity

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 4139-4148 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Davis ◽  
Noha H. Youssef ◽  
Mostafa S. Elshahed
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Clone Library ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Qpcr Analysis ◽  
Freshwater Pond ◽  
Candidate Division

ABSTRACT We used a combination of 16S rRNA gene clone library surveys, quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis, and fluorescent in situ hybridization to investigate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of members of candidate division SR1 in multiple habitats. Using SR1-specific 16S rRNA gene primers, we identified multiple novel SR1 lineages in four different anaerobic environments: sediments from Zodletone Spring, a sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring in southwestern Oklahoma; inner layers of microbial mats obtained from Sperm Pool, a high-temperature, low-pH pool (55°C, pH 2.5) in Yellowstone National Park; fresh bovine ruminal contents; and anaerobic freshwater pond sediments (Duck Pond) in Norman, Oklahoma. qPCR analysis indicated that SR1 members constitute a small fraction (<0.01%) of the microbial communities in Duck Pond and ruminal samples but constitute a significant fraction (11.6 and 48.7%) of the total number of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in Zodletone Spring and the inner layers of Sperm Pool microbial mat samples, respectively. By using SR1-specific fluorescent probes, filamentous cells were identified as the sole SR1 morphotype in all environments examined, with the exception of Sperm Pool, where a second bacillus morphotype was also identified. Using a full-cycle 16S rRNA approach, we show that each of these two morphotypes corresponds to a specific phylogenetic lineage identified in the Sperm Pool clone library. This work greatly expands the intralineage phylogenetic diversity within candidate division SR1 and provides valuable quantification and visualization tools that could be used for investigating the ecological roles, dynamics, and genomics of this as-yet-uncultured bacterial phylum.

Clover proliferation phytoplasma: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuji Hiruki ◽  
Keri Wang
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Beet Leafhopper ◽  
Signature Sequences ◽  
Elm Yellows ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Clover proliferation phytoplasma (CPR) is designated as the reference strain for the CP phylogenetic group or subclade, on the basis of molecular analyses of genomic DNA, the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S–23S spacer region. Other strains related to CPR include alfalfa witches'-broom (AWB), brinjal little leaf (BLL), beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence (BLTV), Illinois elm yellows (ILEY), potato witches'-broom (PWB), potato yellows (PY), tomato big bud in California (TBBc) and phytoplasmas from Fragaria multicipita (FM). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of BLL, CPR, FM and ILEY, together with sequences from 16 other phytoplasmas that belong to the ash yellows (AshY), jujube witches'-broom (JWB) and elm yellows (EY) groups that were available in GenBank, produced a tree on which these phytoplasmas clearly clustered as a discrete group. Three subgroups have been classified on the basis of sequence homology and the collective RFLP patterns of amplified 16S rRNA genes. AWB, BLTV, PWB and TBBc are assigned to taxonomic subgroup CP-A, FM belongs to subgroup CP-B and BLL and ILEY are assigned to subgroup CP-C. Genetic heterogeneity between different isolates of AWB, CPR and PWB has been observed from heteroduplex mobility assay analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes and the 16S–23S spacer region. Two unique signature sequences that can be utilized to distinguish the CP group from others were present. On the basis of unique properties of the DNA from clover proliferation phytoplasma, the name ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ is proposed for the CP group.

scholarly journals Respiration of 13C-Labeled Substrates Added to Soil in the Field and Subsequent 16S rRNA Gene Analysis of 13C-Labeled Soil DNA

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1614-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Padmanabhan ◽  
S. Padmanabhan ◽  
C. DeRito ◽  
A. Gray ◽  
D. Gannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Labeled Compounds ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Soil Dna

ABSTRACT Our goal was to develop a field soil biodegradation assay using 13C-labeled compounds and identify the active microorganisms by analyzing 16S rRNA genes in soil-derived 13C-labeled DNA. Our biodegradation approach sought to minimize microbiological artifacts caused by physical and/or nutritional disturbance of soil associated with sampling and laboratory incubation. The new field-based assay involved the release of 13C-labeled compounds (glucose, phenol, caffeine, and naphthalene) to soil plots, installation of open-bottom glass chambers that covered the soil, and analysis of samples of headspace gases for 13CO2 respiration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We verified that the GC/MS procedure was capable of assessing respiration of the four substrates added (50 ppm) to 5 g of soil in sealed laboratory incubations. Next, we determined background levels of 13CO2 emitted from naturally occurring soil organic matter to chambers inserted into our field soil test plots. We found that the conservative tracer, SF6, that was injected into the headspace rapidly diffused out of the soil chamber and thus would be of little value for computing the efficiency of retaining respired 13CO2. Field respiration assays using all four compounds were completed. Background respiration from soil organic matter interfered with the documentation of in situ respiration of the slowly metabolized (caffeine) and sparingly soluble (naphthalene) compounds. Nonetheless, transient peaks of 13CO2 released in excess of background were found in glucose- and phenol-treated soil within 8 h. Cesium-chloride separation of 13C-labeled soil DNA was followed by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from microbial populations involved with 13C-substrate metabolism. A total of 29 full sequences revealed that active populations included relatives of Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Massilia, Flavobacterium, and Pedobacter spp. for glucose; Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Alcaligenes spp. for phenol; Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Variovorax spp. for naphthalene; and Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Pantoea spp. for caffeine.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics within a Microbial Consortium during Growth on Diesel Fuel in Saline Environments

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3531-3542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Kleinsteuber ◽  
Volker Riis ◽  
Ingo Fetzer ◽  
Hauke Harms ◽  
Susann M�ller
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT The diversity and dynamics of a bacterial community extracted from an exploited oil field with high natural soil salinity near Comodoro Rivadavia in Patagonia (Argentina) were investigated. Community shifts during long-term incubation with diesel fuel at four salinities between 0 and 20% NaCl were monitored by single-strand conformation polymorphism community fingerprinting of the PCR-amplified V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Information obtained by this qualitative approach was extended by flow cytometric analysis to follow quantitatively the dynamics of community structures at different salinities. Dominant and newly developing clusters of individuals visualized via their DNA patterns versus cell sizes were used to identify the subcommunities primarily involved in the degradation process. To determine the most active species, subcommunities were separated physically by high-resolution cell sorting and subsequent phylogenetic identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Reduced salinity favored the dominance of Sphingomonas spp., whereas at elevated salinities, Ralstonia spp. and a number of halophilic genera, including Halomonas, Dietzia, and Alcanivorax, were identified. The combination of cytometric sorting with molecular characterization allowed us to monitor community adaptation and to identify active and proliferating subcommunities.

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