Persecution and statutory protection have driven Rook Corvus frugilegus population dynamics over the past 120 years in NW-Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Krüger ◽  
Hartmut Heckenroth ◽  
Nikolas Prior ◽  
Joachim Seitz ◽  
Herwig Zang
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Nw Germany ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corvus Frugilegus ◽  
Statutory Protection

Traditional and Customary Law: Adat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Butt ◽  
Tim Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
Statutory Protection ◽  
Traditional Communities

Many Indonesians—primarily those living in rural areas—still follow customary law (adat). The precise rules and processes of that adat differ significantly from place to place, even within short distances. This chapter shows that for many decades, adat has been subservient to national law. State-made law overrode it, leaving it applicable only in a very small proportion of cases where no national law applied, where judges could apply it as ‘living law’. Even in these cases, many judges ignored adat or distorted it when deciding cases. The 1945 Constitution was amended in 2000 to require the state to formally recognize and respect customary law, as practised in traditional communities. The Constitutional Court has given effect to this in various judicial review cases, as have some statutes enacted in the past decade or so. However, this constitutional and statutory ‘protection’ has been impeded in practice by requirements for traditional communities to be formally ‘recognized’ by their local governments, many of whom have been unresponsive to calls for recognition.

scholarly journals Indirect effects on fitness between individuals that have never met via an extended phenotype

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Fisher ◽  
Jessica A. Haines ◽  
Stan Boutin ◽  
Ben Dantzer ◽  
Jeffrey E. Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
North American ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Extended Phenotype ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Lifetime Fitness ◽  
The Past ◽  
North American Red Squirrels ◽  
The Individual

AbstractInteractions between organisms are ubiquitous and have important consequences for phenotypes and fitness. Individuals can even influence those they never meet, if they have extended phenotypes which mean the environments others experience are altered. North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) guard food hoards, an extended phenotype that typically outlives the individual and is almost always inherited by non relatives. Hoarding by previous owners can therefore influence subsequent owners. We found that red squirrels bred earlier and had higher lifetime fitness if the previous owner was a male. This was driven by hoarding behaviour, as males and mid-aged squirrels had the largest hoards, and these effects persisted across owners, such that if the previous owner was male or died in mid-age subsequent occupants had larger hoards. Individuals can, therefore, influence each other’s resource dependent traits and fitness without meeting via extended phenotypes, and so the past can influence contemporary population dynamics.

Perplexities of pertussis: recent global epidemiological trends and their potential causes

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. JACKSON ◽  
PEJMAN ROHANI
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
Pertussis Epidemiology ◽  
Critical Aspects ◽  
Immunization Programmes

SUMMARYRecent much-publicized increases in pertussis case reports in some countries with high vaccine coverage have raised concerns about its current and future control. The ubiquity of this trend, however, remains unexamined. In an attempt to paint a global picture, we used case counts to determine which countries experienced statistically significant trends in incidence over the past two decades and to map changes in incidence during this period. These data reveal that pertussis resurgence is not a universal phenomenon. The heterogeneity in incidence trends, even in countries with superficially similar demography, socioeconomic conditions and vaccination programmes, is striking and requires explanation. In this opinion piece, we review and assess the multifaceted proposed explanations incorporating evolution, population dynamics, and the details of immunization programmes. While we do not solve the riddle that is pertussis epidemiology, we highlight critical aspects that are likely to hold the key to understanding its worldwide epidemiology.

Chinese Demography: The State of the Field

1990 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lavely ◽  
James Lee ◽  
Wang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Human Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Comparative Population ◽  
State Of The Field

As recently as one decade ago, there was no “field” of Chinese demography. There were virtually no demographers of China and little available data. It is fair to say that China was at once the largest and the least known of any human population.The change has been sudden. New sources of data now place China among the better-documented national populations. Publications on Chinese population have boomed. In consequence, we can now speak of a field of Chinese demography, although it is hardly in a steady “state.” We can only outline the explosion of demographic research that is continually expanding and refining our understanding of Chinese population today and in the past. This outpouring of data and knowledge provides unprecedented opportunities for the study of Chinese society and offers unusual challenges to our understanding of comparative population dynamics.

Histoire récente des épidémies de la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette au nord du lac Saint-Jean (Québec): une analyse dendrochronologique

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Morin ◽  
Danielle Laprise
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Dendrochronological Analysis ◽  
Wildlife Reserve ◽  
Ecological Disturbances

The chronology of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) oubreaks for the past 200 years has been reconstructed by dendrochronological analysis of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) samples from virgin forests, unaffected by insecticide spraying programs and recently protected against fires in the north and northwest of Lac Saint-Jean. Outbreaks began around 1974, 1944, 1909, and possibly, 1832. They are closely linked with those described in the Laurentide wildlife reserve. The frequency, duration and severity of growth rings suppression associated with outbreaks are similar to those registered during outbreaks in the southern forests, except for the 1974 outbreak, which was shorter and less severe. Other outbreaks registered in southern regions, where the proportion of balsam fir is higher, have reached this region where balsam fir populations are marginal. These results underline the importance of these ecological disturbances in the population dynamics of the host trees of the region.

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution of Human Norovirus GII.2 Clusters

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingguang Li ◽  
Haizhou Liu ◽  
Brittany Rife Magalis ◽  
Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond ◽  
Erik M. Volz
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Norovirus Gii

BackgroundThe human norovirus GII.2 outbreak during the 2016–2017 winter season was of unprecedented scale and geographic distribution.MethodsWe analyzed 519 complete VP1 gene sequences of the human norovirus GII.2 genotype sampled during the 2016–2017 winter season, as well as prior (dating back to 1976) from 7 countries. Phylodynamic analyses of these sequences were performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian statistical frameworks in order to estimate viral evolutionary and population dynamics associated with the outbreak.ResultsOur results revealed an increase in the genetic diversity of human norovirus GII.2 during the recent Asian outbreak and diversification was characterized by at least eight distinct clusters. Bayesian estimation of viral population dynamics revealed a highly fluctuating effective population size, increasing in frequency during the past 15 years.ConclusionDespite an increasing viral diversity, we found no evidence of an elevated evolutionary rate or significant selection pressure in human norovirus GII.2, indicating viral evolutionary adaptation was not responsible for the volatility of or spread of the virus during this time.

scholarly journals Breeding of the Rook (Corvus frugilegus) in the Czech Silesia – the past and the present / Hnízdění havrana polního (Corvus frugilegus) v Českém Slezsku – historie a současnost

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Libor Praus
Keyword(s):  
Historical Survey ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Corvus Frugilegus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Town

Abstract A historical survey was compiled of Rook (Corvus frugilegus) rookeries in the Moravian- Silesian region based on literature and private data covering period 1945-2015. Altogether, eighteen rookeries have been documented. During the second half of the 20 century the numbers of the Rook population in the Czech Silesia increased slowly from zero to ca. 500 breeding pairs, but the number of rookeries has decreased at the latest after 1990. Since 2000, probably only two local Rook's breeding sites exist in the town of Opava and Ostrava and only Rook's population inhabits Opava seem to be stable. It cannot be excluded that the extinction of the Silesian rookeries in the 1990s is a temporary phenomenon, whose consequence will be a further increase in the mean rookery size in town of Opava.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals a Correlation between the Expansion of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Reassortment of Its Genome Segment B

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (17) ◽  
pp. 8503-8509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Chau Hon ◽  
Tsan-Yuk Lam ◽  
Alexei Drummond ◽  
Andrew Rambaut ◽  
Yiu-Fai Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Genome Segment ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Reassortment Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Past Population

ABSTRACT Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a birnavirus causing immunosuppressive disease in chickens. Emergence of the very virulent form of IBDV (vvIBDV) in the late 1980s dramatically changed the epidemiology of the disease. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic origins of its genome segments and estimated the time of emergence of their most recent common ancestors. Moreover, with recently developed coalescence techniques, we reconstructed the past population dynamics of vvIBDV and timed the onset of its expansion to the late 1980s. Our analysis suggests that genome segment A of vvIBDV emerged at least 20 years before its expansion, which argues against the hypothesis that mutation of genome segment A is the major contributing factor in the emergence and expansion of vvIBDV. Alternatively, the phylogeny of genome segment B suggests a possible reassortment event estimated to have taken place around the mid-1980s, which seems to coincide with its expansion within approximately 5 years. We therefore hypothesize that the reassortment of genome segment B initiated vvIBDV expansion in the late 1980s, possibly by enhancing the virulence of the virus synergistically with its existing genome segment A. This report reveals the possible mechanisms leading to the emergence and expansion of vvIBDV, which would certainly provide insights into the scope of surveillance and prevention efforts regarding the disease.

Inferring sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population dynamics and water quality changes in a stained nursery lake over the past ∼500 years

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1235-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Gregory-Eaves ◽  
Bruce P Finney ◽  
Marianne SV Douglas ◽  
John P Smol
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Multiproxy Approach

Historical and paleolimnological studies have demonstrated that environmental changes in the North Pacific can strongly affect sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) abundances. Whether these marine shifts would be influential on sockeye salmon from all lake types, however, has not yet been studied. This study represents the first paleolimnological analysis of past sockeye salmon population dynamics in a stained nursery lake (Packers Lake, Alaska). We adopted a multiproxy approach to determine whether salmon-derived nutrients (inferred from δ15N) would be available for algal uptake (inferred from the diatom species responses) in this stained lake, as high concentrations of humics and iron are known to sequester phosphorus. The strong degree of coherency between δ15N and diatoms, however, suggests that salmon-derived nutrients were bioavailable and enhanced productivity. Overall, our indicators responded to changes in sockeye salmon abundances and volcanic ashfalls over the past ∼500 years. In a section of the core unaffected by tephras (AD ∼1770–1882), our record suggests that the number of sockeye salmon spawners fluctuated widely. Comparison of temporal shifts in inferred sockeye salmon abundances from Packers Lake with other clearwater nursery lakes reveals a broadly consistent pattern, likely influenced by past climatic changes.

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