Why do men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women? a cohort study

AbstractMen extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women, but the factors that contribute to this sex difference are unknown. This study aimed to examine sex differences in extending employment and the contribution of sociodemographic, work- and health-related factors to these differences. Participants of this prospective cohort study were 4,263 public sector employees from Finland who reached their individual pensionable date between 2014 and 2019 and responded to a survey on work- and non-work-related issues before that date. Extended employment was defined as continuing working for over six months beyond the individual pensionable date. We used mediation analysis to examine the contribution of explanatory factors to the association between sex and extended employment. Of the participants, 29% extended employment beyond the pensionable date. Men had a 1.29-fold (95% confidence interval 1.11–1.49) higher probability of extending employment compared with women. Men had a higher prevalence of factors that increase the likelihood of extended employment than women (such as spouse working full-time, no part-time retirement, low job strain, high work time control, and lack of pain) and this mediated the association of sex with extended employment by up to 83%. In conclusion, men were more likely to extend their employment beyond pensionable age than women. This difference was largely explained by men being more likely to have a full-time working spouse, low job strain, high work time control, no pain, and not being on part-time retirement.

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Social Determinants of Stroke as Related to Stress at Work among Working Women: A Literature Review

Stroke Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2012/873678 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Susanna Toivanen

Keyword(s):

Work Stress ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Job Strain ◽

Adult Life ◽

Working Women ◽

Related Factors ◽

Work Related ◽

Specific Outcome ◽

Stress At Work

In adult life, many of the social determinants of health are connected to working life. Yet, our knowledge of the role of work-related factors for the risk of stroke is fairly limited. In contemporary occupational health research, the Demand-Control Model (DCM) is frequently used to measure work stress. Previous literature reviews of the association of work stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD) do not include stroke as a specific outcome. Results regarding work stress and the risk of CVD are less evident in working women. With the focus on working women, the purpose of the present paper was to review the current research into the DCM in relation to stroke and to scrutinize potential gender differences. A literature search was performed and eight studies from three countries were identified. Based on the reviewed studies, there is some evidence that high psychological demands, low job control, and job strain are associated with increased stroke risk in women as well as in men. Any major reduction in deaths and disability from stroke is likely to come from decreasing social inequalities in health, and reducing work stress has a potential to contribute to a reduced risk of stroke in working populations.

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The Effects of Part-Time Work on Women's Occupational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study

National Institute Economic Review ◽

10.1177/002795011222200103 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 222 ◽

pp. R20-R37 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Shirley Dex ◽

Erzsébet Bukodi

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Large Scale ◽

Occupational Mobility ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Full Time ◽

Downward Mobility ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Part Time Work

The effects of working part time on job downgrading and upgrading are examined over the life course of British women born in 1958. We use longitudinal data with complete work histories from a large-scale nationally representative cohort study. Occupations were ranked by their hourly average earnings. Analyses show a strong link between full-time/part-time transitions and downward and upward occupational mobility over the course of up to thirty years of employment. Probabilities of occupational mobility were affected by women's personal traits, occupational characteristics and demand-side factors. Downward mobility on moving from full-time to part-time work was more likely for women at the top levels of the occupational hierarchy working in male-dominated or mixed occupations and less likely in higher occupations with more part-time jobs available.

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A Longitudinal Evaluation of Risk Factors and Interactions for the Development of Nonspecific Neck Pain in Office Workers in Two Cultures

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/0018720820904231 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 001872082090423

Author(s):

Deokhoon Jun ◽

Venerina Johnston ◽

Steven M. McPhail ◽

Shaun O’Leary

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Neck Pain ◽

Job Strain ◽

Female Gender ◽

Coping Resources ◽

Office Workers ◽

Related Factors ◽

Sitting Posture ◽

Two Cultures ◽

Work Related

Objective To identify risk factors for the development of interfering neck pain in office workers including an examination of the interaction effects between potential risk factors. Background The 1-year incidence of neck pain in office workers is reported as the highest of all occupations. Identifying risk factors for the development of neck pain in office workers is therefore a priority to direct prevention strategies. Methods Participants included 214 office workers without neck pain from two cultures. A battery of measures evaluating potential individual and workplace risk factors were administered at baseline, and the incidence of interfering neck pain assessed monthly for 12 months. Survival analysis was used to identify relationships between risk factors and the development of interfering neck pain. Results One-year incidence was 1.93 (95% CI [1.41, 2.64]) per 100 person months. Factors increasing the risk of developing interfering neck pain were older age, female gender, increased sitting hours, higher job strain, and stress. A neutral thorax sitting posture, greater cervical range of motion and muscle endurance, and higher physical activity were associated with a decreased risk of neck pain. The effects of some risk factors on the development of neck pain were moderated by the workers’ coping resources. Conclusion Multiple risk factors and interactions may explain the development of neck pain in office workers. Therefore, plans for preventing the development of interfering neck pain in office workers should consider multiple individual and work-related factors with some factors being potentially more modifiable than others.

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New Telework, Time Pressure, and Time Use Control in Everyday Life

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11113067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3067 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Eva Thulin ◽

Bertil Vilhelmson ◽

Martina Johansson

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Time Use ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Working Hours ◽

Subjective Time ◽

Related Factors ◽

Work Related ◽

Home Based ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time

This study explores how changing conditions for home-based telework affect the quality of life and social sustainability of workers in terms of time pressure and time use control in everyday life. Changing conditions concern the spread of telework to new types of jobs of a more routine character, involving new practices of unregulated work and anytime smartphone access. Empirically, we draw on survey data from a sample of 456 home-based teleworkers employed by six governmental agencies in Sweden. Results indicate that subjective time pressure is not associated with job type in terms of distinguishing between bounded case work and more independent analytical work. Time pressure is intensified by family-related factors, telework performed outside of working hours, and part-time work, and is moderated by the private use of smartphones. We find no significant associations between subjective time use control, job qualifications, and teleworking practice. Family situation and having small children at home reduce time use control. Also, high levels of smartphone use for work-related purposes are associated with reduced control.

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Flexible `Parts' and Rigid `Fulls': The Limited Revolution in Work-Time Patterns

Work Employment and Society ◽

10.1177/0950017089003004004 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 465-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ian Dey

Keyword(s):

Full Time ◽

Work Patterns ◽

Work Time ◽

The Past ◽

Labour Market Flexibility ◽

Time Patterns ◽

Flexible Parts ◽

Time Work ◽

Part Time ◽

Full Time Employment

The evidence indicates that there has been some erosion of the distinction between part-time and full-time employment over the past decade. However, this is almost entirely attributable to the growth in part-time employment, and despite a continuing rigidity in full-time work patterns. It is argued that part-time employment can only make a limited contribution to labour market flexibility so long as full-time work patterns remain inflexible. This paper questions the assumptions sustaining a rigid bifurcation of work into full-time and part-time hours, and considers the case for a more flexible approach to full-time hours in the context of the debate over worksharing.

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The EU Gender Earnings Gap: Job Segregation and Working Time as Driving Factors

Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik ◽

10.1515/jbnst-2017-0100 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 237 (5) ◽

pp. 407-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christina Boll ◽

Anja Rossen ◽

André Wolf

Keyword(s):

Impact Factors ◽

Minor Importance ◽

Gender Pay Gap ◽

Related Factors ◽

Pay Gap ◽

Explanatory Factors ◽

Gender Earnings Gap ◽

Important Barrier ◽

Part Time ◽

The Eu

Abstract This paper estimates size and impact factors of the gender pay gap in Europe. It adds to the literature in three aspects. First, we update existing figures on the gender pay gaps in the EU based on the Structure of Earnings Survey 2010 (SES). Second, we enrich the literature by undertaking comprehensive country comparisons of the gap components based on an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Overall, we analyse 21 EU countries plus Norway, which clearly exceeds the scope of existing microdata studies. Third, we examine the sources of the unexplained gap. We find that about one third of the gap can be traced back to the role of the explanatory factors included in our analysis. Human capital related factors are of minor importance. Instead, the sectoral segregation of genders is identified as the most important barrier to gender pay equality in European countries. In addition, the fact that part-time positions are more frequent among women notably contributes to the gap. Furthermore, sector premiums are generally to men’s advantage, this might point to a less advanta-geous within-sector positional sorting for women compared to men. We conclude that policies aiming at closing the gender pay gap should focus more on the sector level than on the aggregate economy.

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Ability to Work and Employment Rates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1-Infected Individuals Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw022 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Luigia Elzi ◽

Anna Conen ◽

Annalea Patzen ◽

Jan Fehr ◽

Matthias Cavassini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Full Time ◽

Combination Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Ability To Work ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Part Time ◽

Employment Rates ◽

Work And Employment

Abstract Background. Limited data exist on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals' ability to work after receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We aimed to investigate predictors of regaining full ability to work at 1 year after starting cART. Methods. Antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected individuals <60 years who started cART from January 1998 through December 2012 within the framework of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study were analyzed. Inability to work was defined as a medical judgment of the patient's ability to work as 0%. Results. Of 5800 subjects, 4382 (75.6%) were fully able to work, 471 (8.1%) able to work part time, and 947 (16.3%) were unable to work at baseline. Of the 947 patients unable to work, 439 (46.3%) were able to work either full time or part time at 1 year of treatment. Predictors of recovering full ability to work were non-white ethnicity (odds ratio [OR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–3.54), higher education (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.47–7.48), and achieving HIV-ribonucleic acid <50 copies/mL (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.20–2.80). Older age (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, .42–.72, per 10 years older) and psychiatric disorders (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, .13–.47) were associated with lower odds of ability to work. Recovering full ability to work at 1 year increased from 24.0% in 1998–2001 to 41.2% in 2009–2012, but the employment rates did not increase. Conclusions. Regaining full ability to work depends primarily on achieving viral suppression, absence of psychiatric comorbidity, and favorable psychosocial factors. The discrepancy between patients' ability to work and employment rates indicates barriers to reintegration of persons infected with HIV.

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The associations between work-related factors and temporomandibular disorders among female full-time employees: findings from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009)

Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1186/s40557-018-0253-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wook Han ◽

Soon-Chan Kwon ◽

Yong-Jin Lee ◽

Chan Park ◽

Eun-Chul Jang

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Temporomandibular Disorders ◽

Full Time ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Related Factors ◽

Work Related ◽

Health And Nutrition

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Influence of Work on Andropause and Menopause: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph181910074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (19) ◽

pp. 10074

Author(s):

Margherita Martelli ◽

Laura Zingaretti ◽

Gianmaria Salvio ◽

Massimo Bracci ◽

Lory Santarelli

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Pesticide Exposure ◽

Job Strain ◽

Menopausal Symptoms ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Related Factors ◽

Age At Menopause ◽

Work Related ◽

As Stress ◽

Meta Analyses

Aging is associated with gender-specific hormonal changes that progressively lead to gonadal insufficiency, a condition which characterizes a minority of men and all women. Work-related factors, such as stress and pollutant exposure, affect gonadal function and can interfere with reproduction in both genders. A systematic review of the PubMed, SCOPUS and EMBASE databases was conducted, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to investigate the effect of occupational factors on andropause and menopause. A total of 26 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria: 9 studies evaluated the effects of work on andropause symptoms, 8 studies examined its effects on age at menopause onset, and 9 studies addressed its effects on menopausal symptoms. Work-related factors, such as psychological stress, physical effort, and sleep disorders, showed a significant correlation with andropause manifestations, whereas age at menopause and severity of menopausal symptoms were both influenced by factors such as pesticide exposure, high job strain, and repetitive work. Since work accompanies men and women for most of their lives, it is essential to identify and prevent the risk factors that may affect reproductive health.

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