scholarly journals Rearing of Hyalomma marginatum (Acarina: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions in Morocco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latifa Elhachimi ◽  
Félix Valcárcel ◽  
Angeles S. Olmeda ◽  
Sabrine Elasatey ◽  
Sarah E. Khattat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Hyalomma Marginatum ◽  
Host Life ◽  
Tick Vectors

AbstractHyalomma marginatum Koch is one of the main tick vectors of human and animal tick-borne diseases. The objective of this study was to establish standard procedures for rearing H. marginatum under laboratory conditions. Such laboratory tick populations are required to study acaricide resistance of Hyalomma ticks. In our rearing program, larvae and nymphs were fed on New Zealand white rabbits, whereas adults were fed on sheep. Non-parasitic stages were held at 18 and 28 °C to study the effect of temperature on development and survival. In our experiments, H. marginatum ticks have maintained the characteristics of a two-host life cycle. The engorged larvae did not detach and moulted on the rabbit, after which the emerged nymphs continued to feed on the same animal. The life cycle duration of H. marginatum was influenced by temperature, with each non-parasitic stage—i.e., larva and nymph molting—developing faster at 28 than at 18 °C; preoviposition and oviposition periods were shorter at 28 than at 18 °C. At 18 °C, no eggs hatched. The whole cycle from the collection of an engorged field tick until the emergence of second-generation larvae took 189 days. One such tick on average results in 3500 eggs which over time, taking into account the losses at each developmental stage, develop into 1200 adult ticks. Rearing these ticks a second generation therefore could result in millions of larval ticks.

Effect of temperature on the development of free-living adults of Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856)

Parasitology ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premvati
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Humidity Chamber

Strongyloides papillosus is found to be very common in the Lucknow area where 90% of the sheep are infected. The life-cycle is predominantly indirect, or heterogonic. The development of mature free-living adults takes place between 20° and 37° C., and 34° C. is the optimum temperature. At a temperature of 25° C., the percentage of free-living adults is 60–65 in summer (March to November) and practically 100 in winter (December to February). Immature females can develop at 40° C. in summer, but not in winter, under laboratory conditions.Inhibition experiments in a hot oven incubator with varying percentages of humidity, and in a humidity chamber incubator with constant 100% humidity, maintained at temperatures varying from 40° to 50° C., show that in the humidity chamber incubator mature free-living adults develop at 34° C. after incubation for 12 hr. at 40° C., after 4 hr. at 42° C., after 2 hr. at 45° C. and after 15 min. at 50° C. The hot oven incubator allows mature free-living adults to develop at 34° C. after 8 hr. at 40° C., after 2 hr. at 42° C., after 1 hr. at 45° C. and after 15 min. at 50° C.

scholarly journals Harmfulness of Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Garlic in Southeast and Central Moravia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-876
Author(s):  
Eva Sapáková ◽  
Hana Šefrová ◽  
Lea Hasíková ◽  
Luděk Hřivna
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Delia Antiqua ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Study Plot ◽  
First Occurrence

The aim of the three year research was to determine the first occurrence of Delia antiqua (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), specify its bionomics, compare its harmfulness on different garlic varieties, find out the effect of temperature on their life cycle and how their abundance influences garlic yield in regional agriculture areas traditionally growing garlic such as southeast and central Moravia. There was a significantly higher infestation of Delia antiqua on the edge (32.3 larvae) of study plot than in the middle (16.3 larvae) from 2010 to 2012. Intensive laying eggs of D. antiqua takes place between 9–11 a.m. and 16–18 p.m. hours at the edges of the study plot. The highest number of laid eggs was of 28 per one plant in Nedakonice. The development lasted 15 days at 21 °C under laboratory conditions.

Possible direct and human-mediated impact of climate change on tick populations in Turkey.

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Sırrı Kar ◽  
Aysen Gargili Keles
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
General Information ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Hyalomma Marginatum ◽  
Host Life

Abstract This chapter provides an introduction on the basic geographical, ecological and climate characteristics of Turkey as well as general information (such as host, life cycle) on the tick fauna in the country. It also discusses the possible direct and human-mediated impact of climatic change on the biology, ecology, behaviour and prevalence of tick populations in Turkey, with emphasis on Hyalomma marginatum, H. rufipes, H. aegyptium, H. excavatum, H. anatolicum, H. scupense, Boophilus (Rhipicephalus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. sanguineus, R. bursaIxodes, Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis spp. and Dermacentor spp.

scholarly journals From egg to maturity: a closed system for complete life cycle studies of the holopelagic jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ramondenc ◽  
Mathilde Ferrieux ◽  
Sophie Collet ◽  
Fabio Benedetti ◽  
Lionel Guidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Pelagia Noctiluca ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Jellyfish Species ◽  
New System

Abstract Despite its wide spatial distribution and its high abundance in the Mediterranean Sea, the biology and the ecology of the scyphozoan species Pelagia noctiluca remain poorly understood. This is mainly due to difficulties related to sampling and its maintenance in laboratory conditions. Thus, only a few studies exist on the ecophysiology of this jellyfish species under laboratory conditions. As an example, the maximum sizes of individuals obtained in previous culturing systems were not comparable to the ones found in the environment and the authors could not obtain a second generation. Here we present an improved rearing system for P. noctiluca employing a new enclosed system running with artificial seawater. The monitoring of the jellyfish in this new system highlights the importance of the quality of the food sources provided to the cultures, as well as the volume available for jellyfish growth. We obtain adults similar in size to the ones found in the open ocean (>11 cm), and we were able to obtain a second generation, 140 days after the first one. Our system is both less time-consuming and less stressful for the jellyfish.

scholarly journals Some biological aspects of Leucothyreus femoratus (Burmeister) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), in oil palm plantations from Colombia

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
L.C. Martínez ◽  
A. Plata-Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

The scarabaeid <em>Leucothyreus femoratus</em> (Burmeister) is described as causing damage to oil palm leaves, marking its first report as a pest in Colombia. The presence of this insect has necessitated determination of its life cycle, biometrics and food consumption as important aspects of its biology. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions in the municipality of San Vicente, Santander, Colombia. Mass rearing of <em>L. femoratus</em> was conducted, simulating field conditions and eating habits under laboratory conditions. Its life cycle and description of its developmental stages were determined, taking into account stage-specific survival. The duration of the life cycle of <em>L. femoratus</em> was determined to be 170.4&plusmn;6.53, with an overall survival rate of 96.7%. Biometrical measurements were taken of the insect&rsquo;s width, length and weight. Adults are black, and males and females are differentiated by size and by colour of their legs. The width, length and weight of the insect are proportional to the growth stage. Daily food consumption rate was evaluated in adult <em>L. femoratus</em>, and damage to leaves of <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> is described. Adult <em>L. femoratus</em> consumed 13 mm<sup>2</sup> of foliage per day, and injury to leaves of <em>E. guineensis</em> was square or rectangular in shape. This insect&rsquo;s life cycle duration and size are factors that could be considered in determining its feeding habits and pest status. Details of the life cycle, physical description and consumption rate of <em>L. femoratus</em> can help in the development of strategies to manage its populations in oil palm plantations.

Effect of temperature on the life cycle of Heterodera schachtii infecting oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Kakaire ◽  
Ivan G. Grove ◽  
Patrick P.J. Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
The Uk

Oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus L.) is a crop of increasing world importance and suffers yield loss when infected with Heterodera schachtii. The in vitro hatch, in planta root invasion and development of a field population of H. schachtii were investigated in six thermostatically-controlled water baths at temperatures of 5.0, 10.1, 20.5, 27.8, 32.2 and 37.5°C in a glasshouse. The UK winter OSR cvs Flash and Castille were used. Temperature was shown to have a major influence on the development of H. schachtii in OSR. The highest cumulative percentage hatch of second-stage juveniles (J2) observed over an 8-week incubation period occurred between 20.5 and 27.8°C in leachates of both OSR cultivars, indicating that this is the optimum temperature range for hatching of this population. Cumulative hatch was lowest at 37.5 and 5.0°C. Root invasion was inhibited at 5.0 and 37.5°C, whilst the highest number of J2 invaded the roots between 20.5 and 32.2°C, indicating that this is the optimum temperature range for root invasion. The life cycle took between 21 days at 20.5°C and 42 days at 5.0°C from the inoculated J2 to the J2 of the second generation, with the associated accumulated heat units (AHU) of 424 and 203 degree-days with a base temperature (Tb) of 5.0°C. The optimum temperature range (To) for development was between 20.5 and 27.8°C and the maximum (Tm) was 37.5°C. As temperature increased, the AHU required to complete the life cycle increased from 203 degree-days at 5.0°C to 1406 at 37.5°C. Leachates from both OSR cultivars stimulated more J2 to hatch than the distilled water controls. No significant cultivar differences were observed for J2 hatching, root invasion and duration of the life cycle at the different temperatures but significantly more cysts of the second generation (g root)−1 were observed in cv. Flash than cv. Castille at 27.8 and 32.2°C, suggesting that the latter cultivar is a poorer host of H. schachtii than cv. Flash. This is the first report of the effect of temperature on H. schachtii development on current winter OSR cultivars in the UK and provides insight into the potential effects of climate change on the nematode-host interaction.

scholarly journals Life cycle of Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass. under controlled laboratory conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Graciela C. Gómez ◽  
María L. Fernández Salinas ◽  
María J. Barrionuevo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Honey Solution ◽  
Life Cycle Duration

Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Doubleday) is a polyphagous lepidopteran that produces a great defoliation in its host plants. The objective of this work was to determine the development and survival time of C. lacinia saundersii and to report aspects of its natural history on “Cuban grass” Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass. (Asteraceae). Caterpillars from the field were kept in cages in a rearing chamber under controlled conditions and fed with leaves of T. tubaeformis until adults’ emergence. To the latter, a honey solution and T. tubaeformis flowers was given. The life cycle duration was 48 days (egg: 8.0 days; larva: 24.9; pupa: 6.9 days; adult: 8.3 days) with six larval stages. The survival of each stage of development was high (> 70%) but considering the period from egg to pupa, only 52% of the individuals reached adulthood. Larval gregariousness was observed. In relation to the sexes there is a predominance of females (1.1:1). Female pupae were heavier than males. This work represents the first contribution to the knowledge of the biology of C. lacinia saundersii under laboratory conditions on T. tubaeformis. Cuban grass is confirmed as a new alternative host plant for C. lacinia saundersii

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Life Cycle of Spodoptera frugiperda under Laboratory Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramzan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Diptera:Lepidoptera) is a destructive pest of agricultural crops especially maize in many countries including Pakistan. The environmental factors like temperature play significant role in the growth and development of insect pests. It is very important to know the proper knowledge about effect of temperature on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda before managing this pest. For this purpose, the current study was conducted to check the effect of temperature (20 and 26◦C) on the life cycle of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the developmental times of all stages (eggs, larvae and pupae) were inversely related to temperature. The incubation period of eggs was 4.01±0.00b and 2.00±0.00b at 20 and 26◦C, respectively. The development time of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instar was 3.51±0.10b, 3.04±0.15b, 2.33±0.10b, 2.97±0.14b, 3.45±0.19b and 4.99± 0.22b, respectively at 20◦C while 2.77±0.13c, 2.89±0.20bc, 2.09±0.12bc, 2.22±0.17bc, 2.90±0.23c and 3.56±0.19b, respectively at 26◦C. The time of growth and development was increased at low temperature while reduced at high temperature. The food consumption rate and molting period of larvae can increase at high temperature for complete their growth and development. The current study concluded that environmental factors like temperature are highly effect the insect pests morphology and biology.

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