Mechanism of Heat Stress and their Management Strategies in Wheat

Cumulative heat with resulting alterations to weather unfavorably disturb plant development, resultant in disastrous damage in wheat output. With one degree increase in temperature, wheat growth is projected to decrease by 6%. Comprehensive summary of morpho-physiological replies to wheat for temperature pressure might assist expressing suitable approaches in temperature pressure wheat yield development. Moreover, penetrating to conceivable managing approaches might elevate output and sustainability of rising wheat. Main conclusions after this review is follows: (1) temperature pressure meaningfully decreases kernel sprouting and seedling development, turgidness of the cell, water use competence of the plant; (2) During cellular level, temperature pressure interrupts cellular purposes over making unnecessary sensitive oxygen types, foremost towards oxidative pressure; (3) main replies to wheat for temperature pressure comprise improvement to senescence of leaf, decrease in photosynthesis, defusing of enzymes of photosynthesis, production of oxidative losses to chloroplasts; (4) temperature pressure too decreases number of grains and size via upsetting ounce setting, translocation of integrates and period and development proportion of grains; (5) actual methods to manage temperature pressure in wheat comprise screening accessible germplasm beneath field hearings and/or retaining marker aided assortment, claim to external protectants for seeds or plants, mapping quantitative trait locus discussing temperature confrontation and breeding; (6) Well combined genetic and agronomical organization choice might improve wheat acceptance for temperature. Though, achievement to apply numerous methods for temperature pressure organization needs better understanding of temperature acceptance topographies, molecular cloning, and description of genes. General achievement to multifaceted plant temperature pressure administration depends on intensive exertions to crop modelers, molecular biologists, and plant physiologists.

Comparative Growth Rate of Cyanobacteria from “Usar” Soil (saline/alkaline soils) with Respect to Pigments

The pigment content in Blue-green algae is a specific feature of each species. The pigment variation is specific features among microalgae. The paper aim to analyze cyanobacterial extracts of different Usar soil of Azamgarh and Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The main object here is the importance of the blue green algae especially because of the pigments present in this class of algae. Pigments from natural sources are gaining more importance mainly due to health and environmental issues. Algae contain a wide range of pigments. Three major classes of pigments are chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins (Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin). Our present study investigates the efficiency for phycobiliprotein pigment production from four different cyanobacteria Hapalosiphon sp., Phormidium sp., Anabaena sp. and Nostoc sp. The harvested and dried biomass was subjected to extract pigments using different solvents. Thin Layer Chromatography was performed from extracted pigments using Acetone as extraction solvents. And running solvent especially for phycocyanin pigment was optimized and concluded that Petroleum ether and Acetone in the ratio of 7:3. This paper presents the information about the natural pigments of cyanobacteria and how they can be extracted and identified using different procedures and spectrophotometry. It emphasizes that the principal algal pigments are Phycobilins, Chlorophylls and Carotenoids.

Introgression of Temperate Material to Improve Grain Yield in a Tropical Maize Population

The effect of introgression of the temperate maize population BUGARD on the grain yield of a low-yielding tropical maize population well appreciated for the quality of its grains, NCP80, was studied. NCP80 was crossed with BUGARD to obtain the F1. The BC1 obtained by backcrossing the F1 to NCP80 was random mated thrice. The tropical parent NCP80 and the BC1 (NBN) were evaluated in two tropical locations using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Introgression of the temperate population BUGARD into the tropical population NCP80 significantly increased grain yield. The resulting population, NBN, appeared, moreover, significantly earlier than NCP80 and not significantly different from it for resistance to rust, tropical blight and maize streak, ear height, husk cover and harvest index. NBN may, further, be improved for resistance to maize streak and grain yield by recurrent selection.

Inter-Relationship between Seed Yield and Some Morphological and Biochemical Traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris L.)

Correlation Study with Path analysis was performed on 29 Lentil Genotypes to determine direct and indirect effect of some morphological as well as Biochemical parameters on Yield. Following traits were studied: Root Nodule number, Nodule weight, Primary Root Length, Secondary root numbers, Root Fresh and Dry weight, Plant Height, Pods per plant, Days to 50% Flowering, 100 seed weight, Leaf chlorophyll content, Seed Carbohydrate with Starch content, Seed Protein content and Yield. Considering both genetic Advance and GCV, it was observed that selection for the following characters viz. Plant Height, Pods per plant, Days to 50% flowering, 100 seed weight, Seed Protein content & Yield will be rewarding. Seed Yield per plant showed significantly Positive correlation with the following traits: 100 Seed weight, Pod number per plant, Plant height and seed starch. Negative association with yield was found for Days to 50% flowering. Path coefficient study revealed that there was a strong positive direct effect of 100 seed weight and Pod no. per plant along with Leaf Chlorophyll content on Yield. Hence, direct selection only for Pods number and 100 seed weight will be rewarding as these characters also gave higher heritability % along with high Genetic advance. Plant height gave strong negative direct effect on yield, but it gave a positive correlation due to high indirect effect in association with pod number. It may be due to short winter span of West Bengal which results into forced maturity of the crops. So short plants with higher pod numbers will be desirable for higher yield in short winter span condition.

Evaluation of the Bio-Insecticidal Effect of Ricinus communis (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) on the Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Since chemical insecticides favor the emergence of resistance and have disastrous consequences for the environment, we became interested in an alternative control method against Spodoptera frugiperda, more respectful for the environment. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of the bio-insecticidal effects of plants extracts and oil of castor against the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The laboratory bioassays consisted of evaluating the toxicity of the castor plants extracts and oil by contact and ingestion on fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda using a leaf dipping method. It emerges from this study that the mortality of the larvae treated with the bio-insecticide and the control solution varies significantly and that the mortality rate was 100% for dose 1; 85% for dose 2 and 70% for dose 3. The mortality rate for the control solution is 10%. These results testify to the good larvicidal activity of the organic insecticide based on oil, leaves and unripe seeds of castor bean on the fall armyworm.

Efficacy of Different Types of Composts on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv. Kashi Pragati

The experiment entitled “Efficacy of different types of Composts on growth, yield and quality parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv. Kashi Pragati” was conducted during Rabi season of the year 2020-2021 on experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, AKS University, Satna (M.P.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replicated 12 treatments viz., T0: Without compost (Control), T1: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Biogas slurry compost, T2: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Mushroom Spent compost, T3: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 100% Mushroom Spent compost, T4: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Biogas slurry compost +100% Mushroom Spent compost, T5: 100% Vermicompost + 50% Biogas slurry compost, T6: 100% Vermicompost + 50% Mushroom Spent compost, T7: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 50% Vermicompost, T8: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 50% Mushroom Spent compost, T9: 100% Mushroom Spent compost + 50% Vermicompost, T10: 100% Mushroom Spent compost + 50% Biogas slurry compost, T11: 50% Vermicompost + 50% Biogas slurry compost +50% Mushroom Spent compost. The results reveal that increase in Composts level had significant response on vegetative growth yield and quality of Okra. The treatment T4-100%Vermicompost +100% Biogas slurry compost +100% Mushroom Spent compost was found to be the best treatment among the different treatments with growth, yield and quality for Okra under satna condition.

Haemocytes during Different Stages of Lifecycle in Bombyx mori (L.)

Haemocytes in insects mediates the cellular responses like phagocytosis, encapsulation and clotting which signifies the immunological functions of any insect. In the domesticated variety of silkworm B.mori five types of haemocytes have been identified in all the stages. The most abundant cell was found to be plasmatocytes followed by Granular cells. Spherule cells and Oenocytoids were found to less during IV and V instars and least or absent in all other stages. Haemocytes found be to fluctuating before and after spinning. Plasmatocytes and granular cells decreased gradually with respect to number of days in pupa. The total haemocytic count increases gradually in the silkworm larval stages and found to be maximum at the last instar and least during adult stages where the role of haemocytes is not required because they die after laying eggs.

Trends and Status of Zero Budget Natural Farming in Andhra Pradesh, ZBNF Impact in District of Visakhapatnam

Agriculture peasants lost their agricultural economic power of agricultural labor due to some short of adverse effect on agriculture labor, like privatized seeds, privatized inputs and inaccessibility credit, overwhelmingly corporate controlled farming. The agriculture economic power slips from hands of peasants to corporate body. Indian agriculture system transforming towards conventional farming to organic natural farming, not even Indian agrarian society most of the developing and developed economies approximately more than 154 countries switching from conventional to organic natural farming. Natural farming is certainly much superiority than conventional farming. Simply we can say less expansive, it saves energy, conservation of bio diversity, fewer residues in food and many others. Hence, a comprehensive study dealing with the economics of organic farming and conventional farming covering different agro-climatic conditions is felt necessary. As such, the present Study addresses itself to fill in this gap by examining the Economics of Natural Farming vis-à-vis Conventional Farming in A.P. In recent years, it is moving towards “Natural farming” with growing consciousness on health and environment damages. It is not viable yet. In this backdrop, the study seeks to address economic viability of organic and natural farming and it’s empirically, to examine the status and trends of ZBNF in Andhra Pradesh. to assess and analyze the economic feasibility and economic efficiency of zero budget natural farming.

The Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Passage among Medical and Non-Medical Students at Al-Jouf University

This study aimed to compare the occurrence of potentially nasal Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of both female medical students and non-medical students at Al-Jouf University and its resistance & sensitivity of methicillin antibiotic. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 females’ volunteers. Students including 15 medical students and 15 non-medical students. Specimens were taken from the subjects by a sterile moistened swab, which inserted into each nostril in turn, to a depth of approximately 1 cm, and rotated five times. Then the specimens were subjected to bacteriological examination, isolated S. aureus were subjected for further identification by biochemical tests. Then methicillin antibiotic test sensitivity and resistant were performed on isolates. We found that S. aureus in both samples medical and non-medical with 60% ,and methicillin resistant S. aureus in each samples medical and non-medical with 66.7% as Statistical analysis demonstrated.

Comparative Efficacy of Pre-Tank Insecticides Combination against Bemisia tabaci Genn. on Two Cotton Varieties at Layyah

Whitefly is a serious threat to the cotton production. To find out the most suitable control measure a field experiment was conducted at District Layyah, to compare the efficacy of different pre-tank mix insecticides., viz. Legand (spiromesifen + abamectin), Actify (Isoprocarb + etiprole), Bila (Pyriproxyfen + acetamaprid), Best Guard (buprofezin + nitenpyram), Jeera (Pyriproxyfen + acetamaprid), Rugra (nitenpyram + chlorfenapyr), Editor (acetamaprid + ibiocydam), and Concept Plus (acephate + phenoxaprop) on BT-886 and Non-BT (Shahkar) cotton varieties. Maximum population reduction of adult whitefly after first application of insecticides was found in Legand on BT and Non-BT cotton crop exhibited, 24.37 and 37.66 after 2 days, 53.08 and 55.31 after 4 days and 73.29 and 68.17 after 6 days respectively. Maximum population reduction of nymph whitefly was found in Legand on BT and Non-BT cotton crop exhibited 33.85 and 34.07 after 2 days, 55.10 and 54.49 after 4 days and 74.66 and 75.28 after 6 days respectively. Maximum population reduction of adult whitefly after second application of insecticides was found in Legand on BT and Non-BT cotton crop exhibited, 24.56 and 39.57 after 2 days, 30.29 and 55.97 after 4 days and 71.34 and 69.62 4after 6 days respectively. Maximum population reduction of nymph whitefly was found in Legand on BT and Non-BT cotton crop exhibited 34.07 and 40.52 after 2 days, 54.49, after 4 days and 75.28 and 74.92 after 6 days respectively.