Biomassa dan Cadangan Karbon Tiga Jenis (Cyclosorus interruptus, Nephrolepis biserrata, dan Digitaria didactyla) Tumbuhan Herba Pada Periode Penyiangan Berbeda

The weeding duration influencing biomass and carbon content of herbaceaous species. The objective of this study were to analyze biomass and carbon content of three herbaceaous species (Cyclosorus interruptus, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Digitaria didactyla) in terms of different wedding durations. The biomass of Cyclosorus interruptus that weeded for 2, 3, and 4 weeks were 26.50 gram, 35.50 gram, and 27.00 gram in study plot sized 12 m2. Nephrolepis biserrata had biomass 15.38 gram (weeding period of 2 weeks), 15.28 gram (weeding period of 3 weeks), and 19.90 gram (weeding period of 4 weeks). Biomass content of Digitaria didactyla were 76.67 gram, 74.00 gram, and 190.00 gram for weeding periods 2, 3, and 4 weeks, respectively. The carbon content of Cyclosorus interruptus with weeding periods of 2, 3, and 4 weeks were 0,062 ton/ha, 0,056 ton/ha, and 0,032 ton/ha, respectively. Nephrolepis biserrata had carbon contents of 0,067 ton/ha, 0,051 ton/ha, and 0,050 ton/ha in weeding periods 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The highest carbon content of Digitaria didactyla were that weeded every 4 weeks (0,223 ton/ha) compared than weeding periods 2 weeks (0,180 ton/ha) and 3 weeks (0,116 ton/ha).

Density, diversity and community composition of trees in tropical thorn forest, peninsular India

Tropical thorn forests (TTFs) are characterized by the presence of small and thorny trees which usually shed their leaves in dry season. A quantitative phytosociological study was conducted in Uthumalai Reserve Forest of Peninsular India to record density, species richness, diversity and population structure of trees. Diameter of all free standing trees ≥1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH, cm) was measured at 1.37 m above the ground. A sum of 4135 trees ≥1cm DBH recorded from one hectare study plot. With 2272 (54.94%) individuals Dalbergia spinosa dominated the study plot followed by Commiphora berryi (484, 11.70%), Grewia flavescens (259, 6.26%), Dichrostachys cinerea (206, 4.98%) and Anogeissus pendula (171, 4.14%). In total, 26 species belonged to 19 genera and 15 families found in one ha study plot. The family Mimosaceae had a large number of species followed by Apocynaceae, Capparidaceae, Tiliaceae, Rhamnaceae. Rubiaceae (each 2 species). Stand basal area of tree community recorded as 15.238 m2 ha-1. Commiphora berryi constituted 50.80% (7.74 m2 ha-1) of stand basal area followed by Dalbergia spinosa (19.43%, 2.96 m2 ha-1). The forest showed a reverse J shaped population structure. Shannon diversity (H), equitability (H’) and Simpson’s dominance (D) indices of study area recorded as 1.76, 0.54 and 0.335, respectively. Dalbergia spinosa, Commiphora berryi, Grewia flavescens, Dichrostachys cinerea and Anogeissus pendula topped the species important value index with 87.80, 73.53, 20, 19.79, 17.43 scores, respectively. In family important value index, Papilionaceae topped the list followed by Burseraceae and Mimosaceae with scores 129.32, 74.23 and 34.43, respectively. The study area endowed with a moderate species richness and diversity, and acts as one of the homes for an IUCN’s vulnerable tree species.

10 Behavior and Landscape-Use Pattern of Small Ruminants Co-grazed in Woodlands with different Vegetation Characteristics

Woodland is the major landcover in Alabama (69%) and other states of the Southeast (≈60%). The understory vegetation present in woodlands can be a great feed resource for small ruminants when woodland grazing is practiced well, for which the understanding of animals’ landscape-use pattern is important. The study objective was to determine the diurnal behavior and landscape-use pattern of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams co-stocked in woodlands. Eight Kiko wethers (77±2.5 kg. LW) and five Katahdin rams (92±4.6 kg. LW) were co-stocked rotationally in three woodland plots (0.4-ha. each) during May–August 2019 in Atkins Agroforestry Research and Demonstration site, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama. Each study plot contained four treatments, where the average canopy height were 0.82 m, 1.34 m, 1.67 m and 1.73 m. The diurnal behavior (grazing, browsing, loafing, lying) and landscape-use pattern of animals were monitored from dawn to dusk when they were in each study plot at each rotation. Diurnal period was categorized into morning (dawn–11:00 am), midday (11:00 am–3:00 pm), and post-midday (3:00 pm–dusk) for the analysis and diurnal behavior and distribution pattern of animals were analyzed in SAS 9.4, GLM procedure with MANOVA option. Animal species differed in their feeding behavior (P < 0.0001), with wethers mostly browsing and rams grazing. Significant interaction effects of animal species and diurnal period occurred on all behavior categories, except loafing and lying (P < 0.0001). Wethers spent less time grazing (84–88%), but more time browsing (90%) during morning and post-midday vs. rams. Animals were actively feeding when the weather was nice and cool, and resting when it was hot. Feeding behavior was dominant during the post-midday period (3 PM–dusk) and lying during midday (11 AM–3 PM). The specific behavior and landscape-use pattern observed in this study can be useful to design and utilize woodland resources more efficiently.

KLARIFIKASI DISTINGSI ANTARA AUTENTISITAS DAN OTORITAS HADIS: Studi Komparatif Perspektif Muslim dan Barat

<p><span lang="IN">Au<span lang="IN">tentisitas dan Otoritas hadis telah menjadi kajian yang s</span>a<span lang="IN">ngat krusial di hampir semua kajian hadis. Tapi, ketika istilah autentisitas dan otoritas digunakan dalam pembahasan kajian, banyak yang mengalami kesimpangsiuran dan ketidakpastian makna sehingga mampu memicu kesalahpahaman dalam memaknai alur kajian. </span>Dengan menggunakan metode komparatif deskriptif, a<span lang="IN">rtikel ini bertujuan untuk memperjelas secara spesifik distingsi antara kedua istilah tersebut dengan perspektif kajian di kalangan ulama Muslim dan pakar Barat. Hasilnya, autentisitas hadis merujuk pada kesahihan suatu hadis. hadis yang autentik berarti hadis yang bisa dipertanggungjawabkan keabsahannya untuk bisa diatribus</span>i<span lang="IN">kan kepada pemilik redaksi yang menjadi sumber hadis awal. Ini memberikan pemahaman bahwa autentisitas hadis menjadi salah satu prinsip utama dalam melakukan penelusuran berita kepada sumbernya yang pertama kali. Berbeda dengan otoritas hadis yang menitik beratkan pada pengimplementasian hadis terhadap pengamalan yang menjadi tujuan akhir suatu hadis dipelajari, yakni untuk diamalkan. Hadis yang bisa diimplementasikan untuk dipraktekkan sebagai sumber ajaran Islam menunjukkan hadis tersebut memiliki otoritas untuk digunakan sebagai dalil atau hujjah untuk digunakan dalam pengamalan.</span></span></p><p><span lang="IN"><span lang="IN"><br /></span></span></p><p><span lang="IN"><span lang="IN">[<strong><span lang="IN">Clarification of Distinction between Authenticity and Authority of Hadith: Comparative Study of Muslim and Western Perspectives</span></strong><span lang="IN">. The authenticity and authority of hadith have become very crucial studies in almost all hadith studies. But, when the terms of authenticity and authority are used in the study discussion, It almost experiences confusion and uncertainty in meaning so that they can trigger misunderstanding in the understanding of the study plot. This article aims to clarify specifically the distinction between the two terms from the perspective of studies among Muslim scholars and Western experts. As a result, the authenticity of hadith refers to the validity of hadith. Authentic traditions mean traditions that can be held accountable for their validity to be attributed to the owner of the early narrator who was the source of the initial hadith. This gives an understanding that the authenticity of the hadith is one of the main principles in tracing the information to its first source. In contrast to the authority of the hadith which emphasizes the implementation of the traditions of the practice which is the ultimate goal of hadith studies, to be practiced. Hadith that can be implemented to be practiced as a source of Islamic teachings shows that the hadith has the authority to be used as a proposition or <em>hujja</em> to be used in practice.]</span></span></span></p>

Effect of cover crops in olive groves on Cicadomorpha communities

Aim of study: To identify the environmental variables that affect the Cicadomorpha communities and the role played by cover crops in olive groves by comparing olive orchards with cover crop to those with bare ground.Area of study: Córdoba, Spain.Material and methods: Two study plots, one with cover crop and the other with bare ground, were delimited in three areas of olives orchards. Three passive samplings (May, June and July) were performed in each study plot to estimate the abundance and the species richness of potential Cicadomorphas vectors of Xylella fastidiosa. In each sampling, eight yellow sticky traps (22 × 35 cm) were randomly distributed in each study plot (n = 144 traps).Main results: The Cicadomorpha communities were mainly affected by landscape variables (such as the total surface and the distance to remnants of natural vegetation) and environmental variables (such as the temperature, moisture or ETo), whereas cover crops played a secondary role in the abundance of the Cicadomorpha.Research highlights: The results of the study suggest that Cicadomorpha richness and abundance depend on the structural complexity provided by cover crops (positive effect) and live hedges (negative effect), which may be owing to the higher food abundance and shelter when cover crops are present, whereas higher insect predation may occur close to hedges, probably owing to insectivorous song birds.

Harmfulness of Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Garlic in Southeast and Central Moravia

The aim of the three year research was to determine the first occurrence of Delia antiqua (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), specify its bionomics, compare its harmfulness on different garlic varieties, find out the effect of temperature on their life cycle and how their abundance influences garlic yield in regional agriculture areas traditionally growing garlic such as southeast and central Moravia. There was a significantly higher infestation of Delia antiqua on the edge (32.3 larvae) of study plot than in the middle (16.3 larvae) from 2010 to 2012. Intensive laying eggs of D. antiqua takes place between 9–11 a.m. and 16–18 p.m. hours at the edges of the study plot. The highest number of laid eggs was of 28 per one plant in Nedakonice. The development lasted 15 days at 21 °C under laboratory conditions.

Understanding arsenic mobilization using reactive transport modeling of groundwater hydrochemistry in the Datong basin study plot, China

Spatial and temporal evolution of arsenic (As(iii)/As(v)) along a flow path was simulated using TOUGHREACT based on local conditions.

Potential of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery for Mapping Distribution and Evaluating Ecological Characteristics of Tree Species at the Angkor Monument, Cambodia

Large trees play several vital roles in the Angkor monuments landscape. They protect biodiversity, enhance the tourism experience, and provide various ecosystem services to local residents. A clear understanding of forest composition and distribution of individual species, as well as timely monitoring of changes, is necessary for conservation of these trees. using traditional field work, obtaining this sort of data is time-consuming and labour-intensive. This research investigates classification of very high resolution remote sensing data as a tool for efficient analyses. QuickBird satellite imagery was used to clarify the tree species community in and around Preah Khan temple, to elucidate differences in ecological traits among the three dominant species (Dipterocarpus alatus, Lagerstroemia calyculata and Tetrameles nudiflora), and to identify crowns of the dominant species. Population structures of trees were determined using a 14.26ha study plot. Species name, DBH, height, height under the crown and crown area were recorded for all trees over 40 cm in DBH. Tree locations were also recorded so as to provide references for the imagery analysis. Ecological traits of the dominant species were estimated using regressions by an expanded allometric equation for both large and small trees, based on DBH, height, height under the crown and crown width. The total number of species in the study plot was 45. From a spatial perspective, the three dominant species over 100 cm in DBH were segregated from each other. D. alatus, L. calyculata and T. nudiflora were concentrated, respectively, along the approach to the temple, near the centre of the complex, and on the walls of the monument. Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) conducted using QuickBird satellite imagery, showed that crowns of D. alatus were largely determined by maximum of NIR layer and mean of digital number in panchromatic layer. Differences in the parameters for both asymptotic height and spatial distribution among the dominant species, result from differences in ecological traits, and enhance the value of the tourism resource by providing a dramatic shift of forest scenery that can be enjoyed by visitors to the monument.

The Intensity of Infestation of Garlic by Lilioceris merdigera and Oprohinus suturalis

Garlic pests have been observed on the following five study plots named Nedakonice (178 m), Olomouc (241 m), Dolní Němčí (256 m), Suchá Loz (306 m) and Vápenky (484 m) in 2010–2012. The occurrence of pests has been found out on winter varieties Dukat and Blanin using various monitoring methods during the vegetation. Most adults Oprohinus suturalis (Fabricius, 1775) have been monitored on a variety Blanin (43.1 imagines/m2) in Dolní Němčí study plot. The adults were first detected in 2011 on 10.4. at 17.4 °C and on 19.5. at 20.7 °C in 2012. The first presence of O. suturalis adults did not correlate with altitude. The highest abundance of adults Lilioceris merdigera (Linnaeus, 1758) was at temperatures 18–24 °C in dry and sunny weather. The females begin to lay at temperatures above 20 °C, 6–12 days after the first occurrence.