scholarly journals Classification and seismic fragility assessment of confined masonry school buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 2213-2263
Author(s):  
Ahsana Parammal Vatteri ◽  
Dina D’Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
N2 Method

AbstractSchool buildings being a critical social infrastructure, assessment of their seismic behaviour is of utmost importance in ensuring safe schooling facilities in locations of high seismicity. This study presents two important aspects in analysing any existing building stock for seismic behaviour: the development of an appropriate taxonomy system and an appropriate analytical method to conduct fragility assessment. A detailed desk study of existing schools’ databases and tailored field investigation in Guwahati, Assam, situated in India’s highest seismic zone, reveal that the majority of school buildings can be categorised within the confined masonry (CM) typology. This study discusses first, the addition to the World Bank promoted Global Library of School Infrastructure taxonomy of the specific category relating to CM as to include the buildings under study, which are non-engineered CM buildings with flexible roofs. Identifying the density of confinement and quality of connections as critical parameters for the seismic response of these buildings, varying seismic design levels are defined in relation to these indicators. Secondly, the paper presents an approach for carrying out nonlinear static pushover analysis of these buildings with flexible diaphragms and elaborates on the criteria adopted for determining the performance drift limits in buildings with varying levels of seismic design. Numerical analysis for the capacity assessment of selected index buildings is carried out using a commercial software that enables nonlinear extreme loading analysis. Different failure mechanisms as a function of the level of confinement are identified and the performance range for three damage states for three index buildings is obtained by using the N2 method. The study shows the influence of both choices of performance indicators and intensity measure on the resulting fragility functions. Given the consistency of the educational building stock in Guwahati, the results can be used for investment on retrofit decision making at regional level.

scholarly journals Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of School Buildings in Seismic Zone 4 of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zain ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Syed Hassan Farooq ◽  
Tahir Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Kashmir Earthquake ◽  
Building Type ◽  
Structural Configurations

Thick population density and its escalation propensity in seismically active regions of Pakistan has raised sincere concerns about the performance of building stock whose suboptimal performance and complete collapses led to a colossal number of casualties during the past earthquakes. The current research is inspired by the Kashmir earthquake of 2005 which consumed more than 80,000 lives, out of which, approximately 19,000 were children due to wide spread collapse of school buildings. A new database for existing reinforced concrete (RC) school buildings in seismic zone 4 of Pakistan has been developed using the surveyed information and presented briefly. The paper presents the statistics of the data collected through field surveys and professional interviews. It was found that the infrastructural authorities in the considered region developed some specific designs for school buildings, with varying architectural and structural configurations, which were eventually replicated throughout the area. In the current study, almost 2500 schools were surveyed for identifying versatile architectural and structural configurations, and subsequently, 19 different types had been identified, which were eventually used as representative stock for the schools in seismic zone 4 of Pakistan, Muzaffarabad district. The results of the study yield the brief of the collected data from the field and a consolidated methodology for establishing the analytical fragility relationships for one of the 19 structural configurations of the school buildings. A sample building from the collected data has been selected by considering the maximum number of students, and afterwards, the vulnerability is assessed by employing incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) which constitutes the presented methodology. Finally, the fragility curves are developed and presented for the said building type. The derived analytical fragility curves for the considered building type indicate its structural vulnerability and as a whole represent its satisfactory behavior. The vulnerability assessment process and the fragility development are described in an easy manner so that the domestic practicing engineers can readily become able to extend the application towards other school buildings in the region. The developed relationships can be employed for rational decision making so that essential disaster preparedness can be carried out by identifying any need for structural strengthening and interventions.

scholarly journals Fragility curves for Italian URM buildings based on a hybrid method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sandoli ◽  
G. P. Lignola ◽  
B. Calderoni ◽  
A. Prota
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Scenario

AbstractA hybrid seismic fragility model for territorial-scale seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings is developed and presented in this paper. The method combines expert-judgment and mechanical approaches to derive typological fragility curves for Italian residential masonry building stock. The first classifies Italian masonry buildings in five different typological classes as function of age of construction, structural typology, and seismic behaviour and damaging of buildings observed following the most severe earthquakes occurred in Italy. The second, based on numerical analyses results conducted on building prototypes, provides all the parameters necessary for developing fragility functions. Peak-Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Ultimate Limit State attainable by each building’s class has been chosen as an Intensity Measure to represent fragility curves: three types of curve have been developed, each referred to mean, maximum and minimum value of PGAs defined for each building class. To represent the expected damage scenario for increasing earthquake intensities, a correlation between PGAs and Mercalli-Cancani-Sieber macroseismic intensity scale has been used and the corresponding fragility curves developed. Results show that the proposed building’s classes are representative of the Italian masonry building stock and that fragility curves are effective for predicting both seismic vulnerability and expected damage scenarios for seismic-prone areas. Finally, the fragility curves have been compared with empirical curves obtained through a macroseismic approach on Italian masonry buildings available in literature, underlining the differences between the methods.

scholarly journals Identification of Cost-Optimal Measures for Energy Renovation of Thermal Envelopes in Different Types of Public School Buildings in the City of Valencia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5108
Author(s):  
María Esther Liébana-Durán ◽  
Begoña Serrano-Lanzarote ◽  
Leticia Ortega-Madrigal
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
The Eu

In order to achieve the EU emission reduction goals, it is essential to renovate the building stock, by improving energy efficiency and promoting total decarbonisation. According to the 2018/844/EU Directive, 3% of Public Administration buildings should be renovated every year. So as to identify the measures to be applied in those buildings and obtain the greatest reduction in energy consumption at the lowest cost, the Directive 2010/31/EU proposed a cost-optimisation-based methodology. The implementation of this allowed to carry out studies in detail in actual scenarios for the energy renovation of thermal envelopes of public schools in the city of Valencia. First, primary school buildings were analysed and classified into three representative types. For each type, 21 sets of measures for improving building thermal envelopes were proposed, considering the global cost, in order to learn about the savings obtained, the repayment term for the investment made, the percentage reduction in energy consumption and the level of compliance with regulatory requirements. The result and conclusions will help Public Administration in Valencia to draw up an energy renovation plan for public building schools in the city.

Seismic Code Decisions under Risk: The Wasatch Front Illustration

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55
Author(s):  
Craig E. Taylor ◽  
Lawrence D. Reaveley ◽  
Craig W. Tillman ◽  
Allan R. Porush
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Seismic Code ◽  
Decisions Under Risk ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Moderate Seismicity ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Wasatch Front

Regions of low-to-moderate seismicity but high catastrophic earthquake loss potential pose special issues with respect to seismic design codes as well as other significant policy decisions. These seismic design code decisions hinge on the amount of initial costs and on the size and certainty of benefits from increased design requirements. Since these decisions are made by government officials, these costs and benefits are distributed among various stakeholders in the community. This paper explains this perspective and clarifies earthquake risk methods needed to address these seismic design force level decisions in the Wasatch Front, Utah and, as a point of comparison, to the City of Los Angeles. These applications strengthen the case for a seismic zone 4 designation along the Wasatch Front but also raise issues about the roles of life-safety protection and certainty of benefits in seismic code decisions.

International Seismic Zone Tabulation Proposed by the 1997 UBC Code: Observations for Mexico

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Tena-Colunga
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Seismic Zoning ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Civil Structures ◽  
Entire World

The Uniform Building Code (UBC) is perhaps one of the most advanced seismic codes worldwide. The 1997 version of the Uniform Building Code (UBC-97) has important modifications with respect to previous versions, among other changes, the introduction of structural overstrength, redundancy and reliability factors for the design of structural elements. In addition, the UBC-97 code revises seismic zoning for areas outside the United States under Division III, Section 1653. In fact, practically the entire world is zoned by the UBC-97 under this section, and many practicing engineers worldwide may feel confident to use the UBC code for the design of civil structures in countries other than the United States, particularly because it is written in this section that “Note: This division has been revised in its entirety”. This paper discusses whether or not Section 1653 of the UBC-97 code has any justification for Mexico, by comparing the UBC design criteria with the criteria established by ruling Mexican codes. According to Mexican authorities, only the referenced Mexican building codes should be used for the design of civil structures in Mexico, so the UBC-97 cannot be used for the seismic design of civil structures in Mexico legally.

scholarly journals Behaviour of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns with Disproportionate Cross-Section Dimensions Subjected to Compression and Biaxial Bending - Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
Savu Adrian-Alexandru
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Concrete Columns ◽  
Biaxial Bending ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Columns ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Interaction Curves

Abstract The purpose of the current paper is to raise awareness on the behaviour of rectangular reinforced concrete columns with disproportionate cross-section dimensions subjected to compression and biaxial bending, considering the fact that in the current structural design process, the design of columns is usually done with respect to each of the two principal directions without considering their combined effect. The paper is based on a case study regarding a building that is currently in the design phase, in which to obtain a correct seismic behaviour, rectangular columns with disproportionate cross-section dimensions were used. The design of both the building and the columns follows the Romanian seismic design codes (“P100-1/2013 - Seismic design code - Part 1 - Design provisions for buildings” and “SR-EN 1998/2004 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance”). Results were compared and conclusions were drawn based on the interaction curves and interaction surfaces computed with expressions from specialized literature and sectional analysis software.

scholarly journals Key Mechanisms of the Seismic Behaviour of External RC Wide Beam–column Joints

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Santarsiero ◽  
Angelo Masi
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Wide Beam ◽  
First Case

Background: Reinforced concrete beam-column connections provided with wide beams are widely used in the European residential building stock. Several seismic codes indicate some limitation to be applied to this kind of reinforced concrete buildings due to their reduced performances with respect to those provided with conventional beams. Objective: The paper is focused on improving the knowledge of wide beam-column joints, highlighting the key degradation mechanisms affecting them, mainly related to slip phenomena of beam rebars, especially the rebars placed outside the column width. Methods: The behavior of wide beam-column joints has been evaluated by means of both experimental tests under cyclic loading and accurate nonlinear finite element analyses. The FE models predicted satisfactorily experimental results, thus enabling to carry out additional numerical analyses aimed at checking the effect of the longitudinal reinforcement amount in the beam member. Results: Experimental results show that wide beam-column joints conforming to the Italian seismic code do not exhibit a sufficiently ductile behavior due to damage in the non-confined concrete region, where beam rebars external to the joint core are anchored. Numerical simulations allowed to monitor bond slip of beam rebars as a function of the applied global displacement, showing differences between bars placed inside and outside the column width. Conclusion: Numerical simulations showed that different behavior is expected in case additional beam rebars are placed either inside or outside column width. In the first case, higher peak load and ductility values can be achieved, provided that the amount of beam reinforcement is not high enough to shift damage towards the column or cause high shear stress to the joint core and its consequent fragile failure.

scholarly journals Fragility Curves for Italian Urm Buildings Based on a Hybrid Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sandoli ◽  
Gian Piero Lignola ◽  
Bruno Calderoni ◽  
Andrea Prota
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Scenario

Abstract A hybrid seismic fragility model for territorial-scale seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings is developed and presented in this paper. The method combines expert-judgment and mechanical approaches to derive typological fragility curves for Italian residential masonry building stock. The first classifies Italian masonry buildings in five different typological classes as function of age of construction, structural typology, and seismic behaviour and damaging of buildings observed following the most severe earthquakes occurred in Italy. The second, based on numerical analyses results conducted on building prototypes, provides all the parameters necessary for developing fragility functions.Peak-Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Ultimate Limit State attainable by each building’s class has been chosen as an Intensity Measure (IM) to represent fragility curves: three types of curve have been developed, each referred to mean, maximum and minim value of PGAs defined for each buildings class.To represent the expected damage scenario for increasing earthquake intensities, a correlation between PGAs and Mercalli-Cancani-Sieber (MCS) macroseismic intensity scale has been used and the corresponding fragility curves developed.Results show that the proposed building’s classes are representative of the Italian masonry building stock and that fragility curves are effective for predicting both seismic vulnerability and expected damage scenarios for seismic-prone areas. Finally, the fragility curves have been compared with empirical curves obtained through a macroseismic approach on Italian masonry buildings available in literature, underlining the differences between the methods.

scholarly journals Research on seismic behaviour of composite Steel concrete moment frames

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavesh Joshi ◽  
Shahnawaz Ansari ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Shailendra Kumar ◽  
Pratheek Sudhakaran
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Bending Moments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Moment Frames ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Experimental Activity ◽  
Composite Steel

Most experimental research on composite steel concrete moment frames corresponds to situations of vertical loading. Under horizontal loading like earthquakes, positive bending moments can appear at the beam ends. To solve seismic design issues, a research effort has been promoted by the European Union. It involves experimental activity in several large European testing installations which are described and numerical model studies.

Numerical Investigations On The Seismic Behaviour Of Confined Masonry Walls

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Calderini ◽  
Serena Cattari ◽  
Sergio Lagomarsino ◽  
Adolfo Santini ◽  
Nicola Moraci
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Seismic Behaviour ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
Numerical Investigations
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