scholarly journals Lessons from the Japanese ninja: on achieving a higher trade equilibrium under anarchy and private constitutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Maltsev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Thin Markets ◽  
Governing Institutions ◽  
Organizational Costs ◽  
Sengoku Period

AbstractThis paper investigates the possibility of anarchy achieving a high trade equilibrium via the example of ninja communities in Japan. Initially, ninjas in the mountainous regions of Iga and Kōka were stateless, constantly feuded, and had few opportunities for exchange. With the advent of civil war in the sixteenth century, ninjas’ economic conditions changed. The mercenary market significantly expanded and presented great profit opportunities for the ninjas. However, instead of creating a formal government to move to a higher trade equilibrium, the ninjas resorted to forming voluntary confederations held together by private constitutions. I argue that this development was possible because the institutional environment of the Sengoku period enabled a framework of self-governing institutions and principles. The ninjas were able to build on this framework with very low organizational costs. As a result, the ninjas were able to reap large economic gains on the mercenary market while remaining stateless—a seemingly paradoxical development that goes against the standard dichotomy of “states and thick markets” versus “anarchy and thin markets.”

Onstage Violence in Sixteenth-Century French Tragedy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Meere
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Cain And Abel ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
David And Goliath ◽  
Shed Light

The performance of violence on the stage has played an integral role in French tragedy since its inception. Onstage Violence in Sixteenth-Century French Tragedy is the first book to tell this story. It traces and examines the ethical and poetic stakes of violence, as playwrights were experimenting with the newly discovered genre during decades of religious and civil war (c.1550–1598). The study begins with an overview of the origins of French vernacular tragedy and the complex relationships between violence, performance, ethics, and poetics. The remainder of the book homes in on specific plays and analyzes biblical, mythological, historical, and politically topical tragedies—including the stories of Cain and Abel, David and Goliath, Medea, Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, the Roman general Regulus, and the assassination of the Duke of Guise in 1588—to show how the multifarious uses of violence on stage shed light on a range of pressing issues during that turbulent time such as religion, gender, politics, and militantism.

scholarly journals Historyczne podziały Europy a społeczno-gospodarcze uwarunkowania postaw kulturowych wobec bankowości w Polsce

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Lech Kurkliński
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

This paper is devoted to the presentation of the significance of the historicaldivisions in Europe for the formation of the socio-economic conditions for thedevelopment of the banking sector in Poland. The paper presents four main divisionsrelated to the functioning of the Roman Empire and Barbaricum, Latin andByzantine Europe, the dualism of the economic development of Europe fromthe sixteenth century and the creation of the capitalist and socialist blocks afterthe Second World War, and their relations to the position of Poland. Historicaloverview is juxtaposed with the current shape of the Polish banking sector, andespecially the dominance of banks controlled by foreign capital. This confrontationis primarily intended to indicate the importance of cultural factors for thedevelopment of the banking sector.

FemaleComplaintes: Laments of Venus, Queens, and City Women in Late Sixteenth-Century France*

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate van Orden
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Religious Wars ◽  
Female Voices ◽  
Love Lyric ◽  
Cheap Print ◽  
Musical Forms

This essay studies a large repertory of French laments (complaintes,) written in the voices of women. As a feminine counterpart to masculine love lyric, thecomplaintearose from an alternative poetics, treating subjects excluded fromfin amors, such as death, crime, and war. Essentially, lyric assigned erotic longing to men and mourning to women. The unusual subject matter accommodated by thecomplaintes, coupled with a set of material and musical forms locating them amid the cultures of cheap print, psalmody, and street song, ultimately embroiled them in the battles of the religious wars. Thus female voices came to trumpet confessional politics in songs that levied lyric, gender, and faith to serve in civil war.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Conditions of Gujjars in South Kashmir Their Challenges and Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Aasif Ali Naikoo ◽  
Shashank Shekhar Thakur ◽  
Tariq Ahmad Guroo
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Kashmir Valley ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Economic Profile

Kashmir Valley is known as place where people are embraced with multicultural and multilingual atmosphere. Gujjars are the tribal group mostly residing on hilly and mountainous regions of Valley with different traditions, rituals and language. They are economically poor, socially backward, but culturally stable. Their economic profile is poor than the general population of region. They are suffering from so many issues in their day today life. Their housing, sanitation, Education, electricity, health care facilities are very low sub-standard than different sections of population, Also Government has not provided them the basic assets to eradicate the tribal poverty. The literacy rate among Gujjars of south Kashmir is also very low. This paper is based on both primary and secondary data and tries to analyze the magnitude of socio-economic conditions of different parameters and also this paper contains some suggestions, which needs to be implement on the ground level in order to eradicate their socio economic problems.

scholarly journals Institutional Environment for the Formation of the Soviet Generation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Tsohla ◽  
N. A. Simchenko ◽  
P. P. Chyvatkin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
System A ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Internal Relationships

In the current context of dominating threats to the Russian national security, the issues of national identity and citizens' involvement in the history and culture of Russia acquire particular relevance and significance. This article reveals the essence of the cause-and-effect relationships, which played a key role in the formation of personality and socialization of the Soviet generation. The authors managed to identify a complex of external and internal relationships that have shaped the socio-economic, cultural, religious and value-orientation mindset of the Soviet generation.The main difference of the present study is the fact that its main objective is to study the history and role of economic and social institutions of education, upbringing, culture, and health of children in their transition to adulthood during the Russian Civil War.A comprehensive analysis of Russian and Soviet archives and publications of Russian and foreign scientists presented in the article made it possible to assess the influence of economic and social institutions (institutions of communication, institutions of one-man management in warfare, public education institutions) on the formation of the Soviet generation during the Civil War and postwar period in the Crimea Region.The results of the study will help to improve the existing system of scientific knowledge about the functions of the basic social and economic institutions through the prism of their adaptability properties with their adoption in any given economic system. A retrospective analysis of the transformation of the institutional environment of children's education and upbringing during the Civil War revealed an integrative relationship in the system of children's patriotic education of that period and the processes of establishing a new Soviet generation.  

The Will and Probate Inventory of John Holmes (d 1629): Instrumental Music at Salisbury and Winchester Cathedrals Revisited

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 369-396
Author(s):  
Ian Payne
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Wind Instruments ◽  
Teaching Activity ◽  
The Will

The recent discovery of probate material relating to John Holmes (d 1629), a provincial Jacobean cathedral organist and composer, provides three valuable references to the use of musical instruments at Salisbury Cathedral before the Civil War. These prove that the Choristers' House, where Holmes lived, contained in 1629 a consort of viols, with other (unspecified) instruments, four virginals and an organ. This evidence, though fragmentary and circumstantial, may be read in the context of what is known about the practice of instrumental music in other English cathedrals. The references can then be used to support three generally accepted theses: first, that viols were used for teaching purposes (and possibly also in a flourishing adult musical circle centred on Salisbury Cathedral, for which there is strong circumstantial evidence), rather than in liturgical contexts; second, that sackbutts and cornetts most probably doubled the voices in the choir; and third, that the organ remained the principal instrument of choral accompaniment even in the first decade of the Restoration period. Holmes had previously served as organist and master of the choristers at Winchester Cathedral, where there is also circumstantial evidence of viol-teaching activity since 1618, where wind instruments were employed (probably liturgically) in the sixteenth century, and where Holmes may have composed at least one piece of instrumental consort music, most probably for teaching purposes.

‘The Good Old Way’: Prayer Book Protestantism in the 1640s and 1650s

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 233-256
Author(s):  
Judith Maltby
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Common Prayer ◽  
The Church

Between 1640 and 1642 the Church of England collapsed, its leaders reviled and discredited, its structures paralysed, its practices if not yet proscribed, at least inhibited. In the years that followed, yet worse was to befall it. And yet in every year of its persecution after 1646, new shoots sprang up out of the fallen timber: bereft of episcopal leadership, lacking any power of coercion, its observances illegal, anglicanism thrived. As memories of the 1630s faded and were overlaid by the tyrannies of the 1640s … the deeper rhythms of the Kalendar and the ingrained perfections of Cranmer’s liturgies bound a growing majority together.Professor John Morrill, quoted above, has rightly identified a set of historiographical contradictions about the Stuart Church in a series of important articles. Historians have until recently paid little attention to the positive and popular elements of conformity to the national Church of England in the period before the civil war. The lack of interest in conformity has led to a seventeenth-century version of the old Whig view of the late medieval Church: the Church of England is presented as a complacent, corrupt, and clericalist institution, ‘ripe’ – as the English Church in the early sixteenth century was ‘ripe’ – to be purified by reformers. However, if this was the case, how does one account for the durable commitment to the Prayer Book demonstrated during the 1640s and 1650s and the widespread – but not universal – support for the ‘return’ of the Church of England in 1660?This paper contributes to the larger exploration of the theme of ‘the Church and the book’ by addressing in particular the continued use by clergy and laity alike of one ‘book’ – the Book of Common Prayer – after its banning by Parliament during the years of civil war and the Commonwealth.

The Price Revolution of the Sixteenth Century: A Turning Point in the Economic History of the Near East

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Lutfi Barkan ◽  
Justin McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Near East ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
History Of

The sixteenth century came to an end with the countries of the Ottoman Middle East falling into a grave economic and social crisis which presaged a decisive turning point in their history. The most symptomatic sign of what was, in fact, a structural crisis was a series of popular revolts which appeared most prominently among the Muslim Turkish population of Anatolia. Known as the Celali revolts, these uprisings developed into open civil war against the forces of the Ottoman state, and in their first phase lasted approximately fifteen years, from 1595 to 1610.

‘Fae nae hair te grey hair they answered the call’: International Brigade Volunteers from the West Central Belt of Scotland in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–9

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-114
Author(s):  
Fraser Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Belt ◽  
West Central ◽  
Political Communities

Despite making up over ten per cent of the British volunteers in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936-9), Scots from Glasgow and the surrounding districts have been overlooked in many accounts of the British involvement in the conflict. In seeking to explain the disproportionate numbers of volunteers from this region, the influence of factors such as economic conditions, political structures and institutions, ideology and community are examined with reference to individuals’ decisions to volunteer in Spain. It is argued that as well as the more severe impact of the inter-war slump in the region, it was Glasgow's distinctive working-class cultures, which placed great importance on grassroots political communities, with an emphasis on social as well as political connections, that led to Communist Party recruitment efforts being especially successful.

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