Lessons from the Japanese ninja: on achieving a higher trade equilibrium under anarchy and private constitutions

This paper investigates the possibility of anarchy achieving a high trade equilibrium via the example of ninja communities in Japan. Initially, ninjas in the mountainous regions of Iga and Kōka were stateless, constantly feuded, and had few opportunities for exchange. With the advent of civil war in the sixteenth century, ninjas’ economic conditions changed. The mercenary market significantly expanded and presented great profit opportunities for the ninjas. However, instead of creating a formal government to move to a higher trade equilibrium, the ninjas resorted to forming voluntary confederations held together by private constitutions. I argue that this development was possible because the institutional environment of the Sengoku period enabled a framework of self-governing institutions and principles. The ninjas were able to build on this framework with very low organizational costs. As a result, the ninjas were able to reap large economic gains on the mercenary market while remaining stateless—a seemingly paradoxical development that goes against the standard dichotomy of “states and thick markets” versus “anarchy and thin markets.”

A Survey of Incivility in the OT Workplace

Date Presented 04/13/21 Incivility in health care has adverse effects on patient care coordination, patient outcomes, practitioner well-being, and organizational costs. This study examined the relationships between perceived incivility and practitioners’ demographics, workplace factors, and resilience. The highest rates of incivility were reported by practitioners with 2–10 years of experience, working in skilled-nursing or long-term care, and with lowest resilience. Practices for mitigating incivility are discussed. Primary Author and Speaker: Deborah J. Bolding Contributing Authors: Taniya Varughese, Allison King

Empirical Study on Recycling Used Paper Boxes from Online Shopping in China

Online shopping is the most popular transaction, where the estimated transaction online is approximately USD 1.9 Trillion with an average growth from 8 -12% every year. Online shopping leads to huge consumption of paper boxes. Since, when the buyers receive the goods, they normally destroyed the paper boxes, throwing them away into a dust bin, and some were kept for nothing. Those papers wasted cause environmental impacts, huge organizational costs, and unnecessary spaces are wasted. The study investigates on activities of returning the used paper boxes through online shopping among university students in China by underpinning the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). The survey was conducted among 24 public universities in Guangxi, China, with 401 questionnaires accepted for analysis. The study employed regression analysis to test the hypotheses. Both independent variables have a significant relationship to return the paper wasted boxes from online shopping. This paper has its methodology contribution since a rare study focuses on all the bachelor degree students in public universities in Guangxi, China.

The building financing fund: main problems of ensuring and protection of beneficiary’s rights and interests

The active usage of investment and financing mechanisms in sphere of construction of housing determines the necessity of involving the financial means of individuals and legal entities to such process and comes with risks for investors. At the same time the negative experience associated with frauds in sphere of construction of housing that caused a damage to the persons who had invested in housing within the territory of Ukraine and the intentions of lawmaker to establish the juridical mechanisms of financing of the construction that would neutralize or minimalize appropriate dangers determines the necessity to researched such juridical schemes in context of ensuring and protection of rights and interests of the participants of appropriate relationships. The author determines the advantages and disadvantages of the model of financing of construction of housing through building financing funds. It is defined that the obvious advantages of such model are: the professionalism of trustee; the usage of such ensuring and protective means for beneficiary’s (investor’s) rights and interests as hypothec, insurance of the developer’s risk of break the terms of obligations execution. The ensuring character also has the process of fixation of an investment object for beneficiary. At the same time the author states that it is difficult to justify the “encumbrance” of basic investment model by abovementioned ensuring and protective components. Even within basic investment model the beneficiary’s (investor’s) rights and interests could be ensured by hypothec of proprietary interests rights. Moreover the beneficiary (investor) can use insurance. The main advantage of the mechanism of financing of the construction through the building financing fund is the beneficiaries (investors) possibility to acquire with less organizational costs of a right of property on unfinished building in case when developer breaks his obligations. But at the same time the mechanism of financing of the construction through the fund rises the price of investment objects because of additional expenses. It is defined that despite of the provision of part three of the article 4 of the Law of Ukraine On investment Activity such provision does not neutralize a possibility to use alternative juridical schemes of the investment and financing of housing.

Free Legal Assistance in the Kemerovo Region (Kuzbass)

The present research featured the state policy that ensures the right on free legal assistance in the Kemerovo region. The author analyzed the efficiency of state and non-state systems of free legal aid in Kuzbass. He believes the state of affairs in this area can hardly be called satisfactory, due to both the lack of political will, funding, information, and public awareness. Kuzbass lawyers and other entities have no motivation to provide free legal assistance as they are discouraged by low fees and red tape. The author believes that it is the non-state system of free legal assistance that should be considered as a priority. Free legal assistance requires significant organizational costs to set up legal clinics at universities and a full-scale system of state legal bureaus. Currently, lawyers are not capable of providing primary qualified free legal assistance in all civil cases. Therefore, it would be reasonable to create conditions for consulting a wide range of citizens by other organizations involved in the system of non-state legal assistance.

Adoption of Social Media in Socio-Technical Systems: A Survey

This article describes the current landscape in the fields of social media and socio-technical systems. In particular, it analyzes the different ways in which social media are adopted in organizations, workplaces, educational and smart environments. One interesting aspect of this integration, is the use of social media for members’ participation and access to the processes and services of their organization. Those services cover many different types of daily routines and life activities, such as health, education, transports. In this survey, we compare and classify current research works according to multiple features, including: the use of Social Network Analysis and Social Capital models, users’ motivations for participation and organizational costs, adoption of the social media platform from below. Our results show that many of these current systems are developed without taking into proper consideration the social structures and processes, with some notable and positive exceptions.

Optimizing the cost of accounting work and financial rules within the framework of outsourcing

This study aims to propose and apply a systematic and descriptive presentation of the costs of administrative coordination and organizational costs for a third-party company in the manufacturing enterprises of individual business functions. As for the procedures, it is a bibliographic research, based on Design Science Research, which proposes a new artifact based on the review of the literature and which starts to be applied based on the Iraqi Financial Control Council and Financial rules followed to achieve financial discipline. Special methods in which it was chosen to apply techniques such as observation, it is a practical means of cognition determining costs revenue that help to understand and identify the problems of the implementation of the main functions of financial, accounting and administrative performance. The research proposes the classify costs according to the types of industrial objects, contracts, and agreements based on the requirements of standard No. 1 “Measurement of performance results under employment contracts.

TAX INSTRUMENTS FOR THE DEOFFSHORISATION OF THE RUSSIAN ECON-OMY AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The article highlights the main trends in the policy of de-offshorization of the Russian economy at the present stage on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the legal prescrip-tions of international legal acts and national tax legislation The article formulates and describes the system of tax and legal instruments for de-offshorization in the context of the development of the best national and foreign practices, as well as the theoretical views of scientists and is considering the problems and prospects of the implementation of each tool. The shortcomings and contradictions of regulations in the studied area are highlighted. The goals of state policy in the area of economic security of the Russian Federation in-clude the following: strengthening economic sovereignty, ensuring economic progress and increasing sustainability of the economy to external and internal threats. In the context of the above mentioned goals, the state defines for itself the main tasks, calculated for a long period of time, which are designed to facilitate the process of de-offshorization. The essence of de-offshorization should be comprehensively considered from the stand-point of international and domestic legislative regulation. The experience of generalizing the best foreign and national practices, theoretical views of scientists allows us to highlight the most effective set of financial and legal instruments for implementing the mechanism of de-offshorization of the Russian economy at the present stage. It seems possible to group the main trends in tax regulation in this area as follows. First, the modernization of some intergovernmental agreements and conventions of the foreign eco-nomic nature on the double tax avoidance on income and capital and on the prevention of tax evasion on income. In the second place, amendments to the domestic tax legislation in terms of determining CFC profits, simplifying tax administration, determining the procedure for conducting mutual agreement procedures, limiting mechanisms for reducing the tax burden (simplified limitation of benefits, S-LOB). Third, the expansion of the international institution for the international automatic exchange of financial information. This method of interaction between tax administrations of states allows to achieve the goal of reducing the shadow economy by increasing the transparency of infor-mation on taxpayers' accounts with minimal time, material and organizational costs. The de-offshorization policy is currently yielding the expected results. The main achievements in this field include the digitalization of information data about the taxpayer, as well as the creation of a legal, organizational, technical and methodological platform for the automatic exchange of such information between public authorities within the country and with opposing states.

The Formation of a Unified Legislation in the Framework of the EAEU

The successful functioning of the EАEU is impossible without creating an array of legal documents that ensure its further integration development. The current state of Eurasian law leaves much to be desired. It develops chaotically, haphazardly and requires significant human and organizational costs. The article suggests using digital technologies in the legal sphere for the development of integration legislation of the EАEU. It is proposed to use graph theory for the selection and analysis of legal documents. The entire regulatory framework of the EАEU member States should be presented as big data. As a result, all the initial rough work will be done by machines, and the person will make the final conclusions. In the future, it is possible to create legislation of the EАEU on the branches of law.