Pectoral fin beat frequency predicts oxygen consumption during spontaneous activity in a labriform swimming fish (Embiotoca lateralis)

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Tudorache ◽  
Anders D. Jordan ◽  
Jon C. Svendsen ◽  
Paolo Domenici ◽  
G. DeBoeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Embiotoca Lateralis

Pectoral fin locomotion in the striped surfperch. II. Scaling swimming kinematics and performance at a gait transition

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 2243-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Drucker ◽  
J Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Gait Transition ◽  
Transition Speed ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
And Performance

In this study, we report the first allometric equations relating gait parameters and swimming speed to body size for fish employing pectoral fin locomotion. Comparisons of locomotor kinematics and performance among striped surfperch (Teleostei: Embiotocidae) are made at the pectoral­caudal gait transition speed (Up-c). Up-c is considered to elicit physiologically equivalent levels of exercise in animals varying over 100-fold in body mass (Mb) by virtue of dynamically similar pectoral fin movements (constant duty factor, length-specific stride length and fin-beat amplitude) and size-independent propulsive efficiency. At Up-c, pectoral fin-beat frequency scales in proportion to Mb-0.12±0.03, a size-dependence consistent with that observed for stride frequency in fishes swimming by axial undulatory propulsion and in many running tetrapods. It is proposed that the similarity in the scaling of frequency in these vertebrate groups reflects an underlying similarity in the allometry of the maximal velocity of muscle shortening. Absolute Up-c (m s-1) generally increases with body size, but the fastest speeds are not exhibited by the largest animals. A pattern of declining performance in fish 23 cm in standard length and longer may be related to their disproportionately small fin areas and aspect ratios. The pronounced negative allometry of Up-c expressed as standard body lengths per second indicates that a given length-specific speed does not induce comparable levels of activity in large and small fish. Thus, normalization of swimming speed to body length may not be a sufficient correction for kinematic comparisons across size.

Pectoral fin locomotion in the striped surfperch. I. Kinematic effects of swimming speed and body size

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 2235-2242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Drucker ◽  
J Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Transition Speed ◽  
Speed Up

Swimming trials at increasing velocity were used to determine the effects of steady swimming speed on pectoral fin kinematics for an ontogenetic series of striped surfperch Embiotoca lateralis, ranging from 6 to 23 cm in standard length (SL). The fin stroke cycle consisted of a propulsive period, the duration of fin abduction and adduction, and a 'refractory' period, during which the fin remained adducted against the body. Pectoral fin-beat frequency (fp) measured as the inverse of the entire stride period, as in past studies, increased curvilinearly with speed. Frequency, calculated as the reciprocal of the propulsive period alone, increased linearly with speed, as shown previously for tail-beat frequency of fishes employing axial undulation. Fin-beat amplitude, measured as the vertical excursion of the pectoral fin tip during abduction, increased over a limited range of low speeds before reaching a plateau at 0.35­0.40 SL. Pectoral fin locomotion was supplemented by intermittent caudal fin undulation as swimming speed increased. At the pectoral­caudal gait transition speed (Up-c), frequency and amplitude attained maxima, suggesting that the fin musculature reached a physiological limit. The effects of body size on swimming kinematics differed according to the method used for expressing speed. At a given absolute speed, small fish used higher stride frequencies and increased frequency at a faster rate than large fish. In contrast, the relationship between fp and length-specific speed (SL s-1) had a greater slope for large fish and crossed that for small fish at high speeds. We recommend that comparisons across size be made using speeds expressed as a percentage of Up-c, at which kinematic variables influencing thrust are size-independent.

Oxygen consumption, activity and body fat in normal and hairless mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Hairless Mice ◽  
Nmri Mice ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Consumption Activity ◽  
Total Body

The oxygen consumption and spontaneous activity of A2G ( hr/+), A2G ( hr/hr) and NMRI mice in groups of 2, 3, or 5 were measured, and body fat content was also determined. Average rates of oxygen consumption were found to be lowest in the A2G ( hr/+) and highest in the A2G ( hr/hr) mice, and conversely for the proportion of total body fat. There was no difference in activity of A2G ( hr/+) and A2G ( hr/hr), but the NMRI mice were more active.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: I. INFLUENCE OF WEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON RESPIRATION OF GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS L.

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
P. S. Mookherjii
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
External Stimuli

Standard oxygen consumption of goldfish was estimated in relation to weight and temperature from simultaneous measurements of routine oxygen uptake and spontaneous activity. The relation between weight and standard oxygen consumption was expressed as a logarithmic linear regression. For a given shift in temperature, the proportionate change in standard oxygen consumption appears to be independent of weight. The mean slope of the regressions was found to be 0.850.The standard rate of a 100-g goldfish increased linearly, on a semilogarithmic grid, over the temperature range of 10 to 35 °C. The estimates found in the present study were less than the lowest applicable values that could be found in the literature.The average routine rate of oxygen consumption suggests that goldfish display a considerable amount of spontaneous activity despite the elimination of external stimuli.

scholarly journals Mechanochemical Coupling in Flagella

1968 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Brokaw ◽  
B. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Mechanochemical Coupling ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Dilute Suspensions ◽  
Stoichiometric Relation

The relation between oxygen consumption and motility of Ciona spermatozoa has been measured by using pH stats to measure the acid production of spermatozoa swimming in dilute suspensions where their motility can be analyzed accurately, and calibrating the acid production by measuring it simultaneously with measurements of oxygen consumption, using more concentrated sperm suspensions. When the motility of the spermatozoa is inhibited by thiourea or by increased viscosity, their oxygen consumption decreases in proportion to the decrease in beat frequency. 80–85 % of their oxygen consumption appears to be tightly coupled to motility. The amount of movement-coupled oxidative metabolism per beat remains nearly constant, even when there are significant changes in the energy required per beat for movement against the viscous resistance of the medium. This implies that under these conditions, where the radius of curvature of flagellar bending remains constant, the amount of ATP used is determined by a stoichiometric relation to bending rather than by the energy requirement. The movement-coupled oxidative metabolism appears to be sufficient to generate approximately two molecules of ATP per beat for each molecule of the flagellar ATPase, dynein.

Kinematics of Pectoral Fin Propulsion in Cymatogaster Aggregata

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Lift Forces ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Refractory Phase

1. The kinematics of pectoral-fin propulsion have been measured for Cymatogaster aggregata, 14·3 cm in length, during an increasing-velocity performance test. Acclimation and test temperature was 15 °C, similar to the fishes' normal environmental temperature for the time of year of the tests. 2. Locomotion was in the labriform mode. Within this mode two pectoral-fin patterns were observed, differing only in the details of fin kinematics. These differences resulted from the length of the propagated wave passed over the fin. At low swimming speeds, up to about 2 L/sec, the wavelength was relatively short, approximately twice the length of the trailing edge of the fin. At higher speeds, a wave of very much longer wavelength was passed over the fin. 3. The pectoral fin-beat cycle was divisible into abduction, adduction and refractory phases. Abduction and adduction phases were of equal duration, and the proportion of time occupied by these phases increased with swimming speed. The duration of the refractory phase decreased with increasing speed. 4. The kinematics indicated that thrust was generated throughout abduction and adduction phases, together with lift forces that cancelled out over a complete cycle. As a result of lift forces and the refractory phase the body moved in a figure-8 motion relative to the flow. 5. Pectoral fin-beat frequency and amplitude increased with swimming speed, and the product of frequencyxamplitude was linearly related to swimming speed. 6. Interactions between pectoral fin-beat frequency, amplitude, refractory phase and kinematic patterns were interpreted as a mechanism to permit the propulsive muscles to operate at optimum efficiency and power output over a wider range of swimming speeds than would otherwise be possible. 7. Pectoral-fin propulsion was augmented by caudal-fin propulsion only at swimming speeds greater than 3·4 L/sec. 8. The mean 45 min critical swimming speed was 3·94 L/sec, and compares favourably with similar levels of activity for fish swimming by means of body and caudal-fin movements.

Respiratory Exchange and Evaporative Water Loss in the Flying Budgerigar

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
VANCE A. TUCKER
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Wing Beat Frequency ◽  
Level Flight

1. Oxygen consumption of 2 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) was measured during level, ascending and descending nights lasting 5-20 min. in a wind-tunnel at speeds between 19 and 48 km./hr. In level flight oxygen consumption was lowest at 35 km./hr. with a mean value of 21.9 ml. (g. hr.)-1 or 12.8 times the standard value calculated for these birds (weight = 35 g.). At a given speed oxygen consumption was highest for ascending flight and lowest for descending flight. 2. Carbon dioxide production was measured on one bird flying level at 35 km./hr.for 20 min. The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption was 0.780, indicating that the bird was oxidizing primarily fat. 3. The efficiencies of level, ascending and descending flight are discussed. The measurements indicate that for the budgerigar 42 km./hr. is the most economical speed for covering distance, and below 27 km./hr. undulating flight is more economical than flight at a constant altitude. 4. Evaporative water loss in level flight was measured in two birds for 20 min. at 35 km./hr. at temperatures of 18-200 and 29-31° C. At 36-37° C. the birds became overheated and would not fly for as long as 20 min. Evaporative water loss at 18-20° C. was 20.4 mg. (g. hr.)-1. It increased to 63.9 mg. (g. hr.)-1 at 36-37° C. After accounting for metabolic water production and faecal water loss, budgerigars flying at 18-20°C. had a net water loss of 11 mg. (g. hr.)-1. At this temperature 15% of the estimated heat production in flight was lost by evaporation of water, while 47% was lost by evaporation of water at 36-37°C. 5. Lung ventilation, tidal volume and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air were estimated for flying budgerigars from evaporative water-loss data. In level flight at 18-20° C and 35 km./hr. these quantities had values of 398 ml. (g. hr.)-1, 0.033 ml. (g- breath)-1 and 37 mm. Hg. respectively. 6. Respiratory rate in level flight was measured in 2 birds at speeds between 19 and 48 km./hr. Respiratory rate depended on speed and was lowest at 35 km./hr. Since wing-beat frequency was constant at 840 beats/min. at all speeds, respiratory rate and wing-beat frequency were not synchronized. Published data and analysis of dimensional relations of birds suggest that in birds the size of a budgerigar or smaller a respiratory rate equal to the wing-beat frequency would be too high for efficient ventilation of the lungs. Birds the size of a pigeon or larger probably have synchronous wing beats and respirations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document