scholarly journals Sex Differences in Childlessness in Norway: Identification of Underlying Demographic Drivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Kravdal
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Home Country ◽  
National Register ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
First Child ◽  
National Register Data ◽  
Rich Countries

AbstractIn Norway, as in many other rich countries, childlessness is more common among men than women and has also increased more among men. Over the last 15 years, the gap in childlessness between 45-year-old women and men has widened from 5.8 to 10.2 percentage points, according to national register data. In the Norwegian-born subgroup, the gap has increased by 2.4 percentage points, from 5.8 to 8.2. The goal of the study was to identify the demographic drivers of this development, using a quite simple, but original, decomposition approach. The components reflect changes in relative cohort sizes, whether the child has one native and one immigrant parent, whether the father was older than 45, and whether one of the parents already had a child, no longer lived in Norway at age 45, or was unidentified. It was found that the modestly increasing sex gap in childlessness among the Norwegian-born is largely linked to changes in cohort sizes, i.e. fertility trends. Changes in re-partnership have actually contributed weakly in the opposite direction: It has become more common especially among men to have the first child with a partner who already had a child, and thus not contribute to bringing also that person out of childlessness. The importance of the various components is different for immigrants, among whom the sex gap in childlessness has increased particularly much. This development may also reflect that especially male immigrants perhaps have children in the home country who are not included in the Norwegian register.

scholarly journals Integrating data from multiple Finnish biobanks and national health-care registers for retrospective studies: Practical experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110044
Author(s):  
Jaakko Lähteenmäki ◽  
Anna-Leena Vuorinen ◽  
Juha Pajula ◽  
Kari Harno ◽  
Mika Lehto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Register Data ◽  
Genotype Data ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
National Register ◽  
National Register Data ◽  
Health Care Encounters

Aim: This case study aimed to investigate the process of integrating resources of multiple biobanks and health-care registers, especially addressing data permit application, time schedules, co-operation of stakeholders, data exchange and data quality. Methods: We investigated the process in the context of a retrospective study: Pharmacogenomics of antithrombotic drugs (PreMed study). The study involved linking the genotype data of three Finnish biobanks (Auria Biobank, Helsinki Biobank and THL Biobank) with register data on medicine dispensations, health-care encounters and laboratory results. Results: We managed to collect a cohort of 7005 genotyped individuals, thereby achieving the statistical power requirements of the study. The data collection process took 16 months, exceeding our original estimate by seven months. The main delays were caused by the congested data permit approval service to access national register data on health-care encounters. Comparison of hospital data lakes and national registers revealed differences, especially concerning medication data. Genetic variant frequencies were in line with earlier data reported for the European population. The yearly number of international normalised ratio (INR) tests showed stable behaviour over time. Conclusions: A large cohort, consisting of versatile individual-level phenotype and genotype data, can be constructed by integrating data from several biobanks and health data registers in Finland. Co-operation with biobanks is straightforward. However, long time periods need to be reserved when biobank resources are linked with national register data. There is a need for efforts to define general, harmonised co-operation practices and data exchange methods for enabling efficient collection of data from multiple sources.

scholarly journals Poverty and Immigration Policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIERAN OBERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Rich Countries

What are the ethical implications of global poverty for immigration policy? This article finds substantial evidence that migration is effective at reducing poverty. There is every indication that the adoption of a fairly open immigration policy by rich countries, coupled with selective use of immigration restrictions in cases of deleterious brain drain, could be of significant assistance to people living in poor countries. Empirically there is nothing wrong with using immigration policy to address poverty. The reason we have to reject such an approach is not empirical but normative. People have human rights to stay in their home country and to migrate elsewhere. Counter poverty measures that require people to move or to stay are likely to violate these rights. Everyone should be free to migrate but no one should be forced to migrate. Using immigration policy to address global poverty, in place of alternatives, fails on both these counts.

scholarly journals Fertility in Real Generations of Russian Women: Trends and Regional Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
V. N. Arkhangelskiy
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Families With Children

The subject of the research is fertility trends in real generations of women in Russia. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that the majority of works devoted to the analysis of the fertility trends and the possible impact of demographic policies thereon in Russia are based on the use of calendar birth rates (total, special, age, total coefficient, etc.) subject to timing fluctuations, e.g. earlier childbirth due to favorable circumstances. The influence of this factor can be bypassed by using birth rates for real generations. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the dynamics of generational changes in birth rates and their regional differences. The results of the analysis showed that after a significant reduction in the average number of children born in the generations of women of the 1960s — early 1970s, the value slightly increased for women of the mid- and late 1970s. and would probably be somewhat higher for women born in the 1980s. The proportion of women who gave birth to at least one child is decreasing hampering the increase in the average number of children born in real generations. On the contrary, an increase in the proportion of women who gave birth to the second and third child contributes to this increase. While the share of those who gave birth to the second child among women who gave birth to the first child in the generations of the late 1970s, despite a significant increase, is lower than among women of the mid‑1950s, the proportion of those who gave birth to the third child among women who gave birth to the second child, is higher than in older generations. The increase in the proportion of women in the generations of the late 1970s who gave birth to the second and third children is to some extent due to more active measures for supporting families with children that are largely focused on supporting second and subsequent births of children. If the implementation of measures for supporting families with children in the 1980s helped to smooth out the difference in the average age of the mother who gave birth to the second and first child from 4.53 years in the generation of women born in 1950 up to 3.31 years in the generation of 1963, then in younger women the difference tended to increase and now it is the maximum for women of 1975. (5.91 years). It is concluded that the policy of encouraging child bearing needs to be continued.

scholarly journals A Sequential Decomposition of the Drop in Collective Bargaining Coverage

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Fitzenberger ◽  
Katrin Sommerfeld
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
East Germany ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Union Representation ◽  
Employee Data ◽  
Sequential Decomposition

AbstractUnion representation has been in strong decline in most OECD countries with potentially important consequences for wages. What drives this decline? We try to answer this question by developing and implementing a detailed Fairlie decomposition approach. Using linked employer-employee data from the German Structure of Earnings Survey for 2001 and 2006, we document a sharp drop in collective bargaining coverage that amounts to 17 percentage points for males and 20 percentage points for females in West, and 8 and 14 percentage points, respectively, in East Germany. We find that neither changes in the characteristics nor changes in the coefficients associated with the characteristics as a whole provide an explanation for the drop in collective bargaining coverage. The drop in coverage is the result of an unexplained time trend.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document