scholarly journals Understanding entropy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
The State ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Macroscopic Property ◽  
Heat Engines ◽  
Statistical Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Interpretation ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Isolated Systems ◽  
System Entropy

AbstractA new way of understanding entropy as a macroscopic property is presented. This is based on the fact that heat flows from a hot body to a cold one even when the hot one is smaller and has less energy. A quantity that determines the direction of flow is shown to be the increment of heat gained (q) divided by the absolute temperature (T). The same quantity is shown to determine the direction of other processes taking place in isolated systems provided that q is determined by the state (s) of the system. Entropy emerges as the potent energy of a system [Σ(qs/T)], the potency being determined by 1/T. This is shown to tie in with the statistical mechanical interpretation of entropy. The treatment is shorter than the traditional one based on heat engines.

scholarly journals Mpemba Effect- the Effect of Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Gravitational Redshift ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Nature Of Time ◽  
The Absolute

By analyzing the relation between time and speed, the relation between time and gravitational field, the gravitational redshift of photon and the black-body radiation theorem, the conclusion that time on an object is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the object is obtained. Applying the above conclusion about the nature of time, the author analyzes the Mpemba effect and the inverse Mpemba effect, and reaches the following conclusion: the Mpemba effect is the time effect produced when heat flows from objects into space, and the "inverse" Mpemba effect is the time effect produced when heat flows from space into objects.

The specific heats of three paramagnetic salts at very low temperatures

1956 ◽  
Vol 237 (1210) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Magnesium Nitrate ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Ammonium Alum ◽  
Relaxation Measurements ◽  
Ferric Ammonium ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Measured Specific Heat

The specific heats of three paramagnetic salts, neodymium magnesium nitrate, manganous ammonium sulphate and ferric ammonium alum, have been measured at temperatures below 1°K using the method of γ -ray heating. The temperature measurements were made in the first instance in terms of the magnetic susceptibilities of the salts, the relation of the susceptibility to the absolute temperature having been determined for each salt in earlier experiments. The γ -ray heatings gave the specific heat in arbitrary units. The absolute values of the specific heats were found by extrapolating the results of paramagnetic relaxation measurements at higher temperatures. The measured specific heat of neodymium magnesium nitrate is compared with the value calculated from paramagnetic resonance data, and good agreement is found.

EVALUATION OF THE ABSOLUTE RESULTS OF THE LEADING COMPANIES OF THE OIL AND GAS COMPLEX: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Goloshchapova ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Maltseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
The State ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Complex Problems ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Statistical Indicators

The study is devoted to the analysis of the balance sheet profit of the leading companies in the oil and gas industry. The types of profits were considered, as well as the dynamics of the changes in indicators affecting their formation were analyzed. In addition, the article considers the composition and struc-ture of the balance sheet profit, factors affecting its size. Based on the financial statements of the companies, an idea of the state of profit in the companies «Rosneft», «Lukoil», «Gazprom» and «Tatneft» has been com-piled. The paper analyzes quantitative statistical indicators that reflect the results achieved from 2016–2020.

A Fluidity-Temperature Relationship for Liquids

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-241
Author(s):  
T. F. Ford ◽  
C. R. Singleterry
Keyword(s):  
Interpolation Formula ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Temperature Relationship ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Relationship

Many relationships between viscosity or its reciprocal, fluidity, and temperature have been proposed for liquids. None except the empirically modified ASTM chart have proven satisfactory over extended temperature ranges. We here note that by plotting the kinematic fluidity (φkin) against the square of the absolute temperature (deg K2) we obtain linear relationships for a wide variety of organic liquids at kinematic viscosities less than about 1.67 centistokes (or fluidities above about 0.60 reciprocal centistokes). The generality of the relationship appears to justify the use of the equation, φkin=a+bT2, as an interpolation formula for organic liquids in the low viscosity region.

scholarly journals Absolute temperature directly from plank’s profile: A simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
V. VIJAYAKUMAR ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Measured Spectrum ◽  
The Absolute

The measured thermal radiation from a material surface will, in general, have a wave length (\lambda) dependent scale-factor to the Planck profile (PT) from the contributions of the emissivity (Є\lambda) of the surface, the response function (A\lambda) of the measurement setup, and the emission via non-Plank processes. For obtaining the absolute temperature from such a profile, a procedure that take care of these dependencies and which relay on a temperature grid searchis proposed. In the procedure, the deviation between the Plank profiles at various temperatures and the measured spectrum that is made equal to it at a selected wavelength, by scaling, is used. The response function (A\lambda) is eliminated at the measurement stage and the polynomial dependence of the remnant scale factor mostly dominated by Є\lambda) i s extracted from the measured spectrum by identifying its optimal \lambda dependence. It is shown that when such a computation is carried out over a temperature grid, the absolute temperature can be identified from the minimum of the above deviation. Here, search for T and Є\lambda) d elinked, unlike in the leastsquare approaches that are normally employed. Code that implements the procedure is tested with simulated Planck profile to which different viable values of Є\lambda) a nd noise is incorporated. It shown that if the \lambda dependence of scale-factor is not too high, the absolute temperature can be recovered. A large \lambda dependent scale-factor and the consequent possible error in the temperature obtained can also be identified.

scholarly journals The basic characteristics of the Belgrade’s heat island

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Andjelkovic
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Space Structure ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Temperature Minimum ◽  
City Center ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The City

The urban heat island, as a phenomenon due to the higher air temperature in the cities as compared to their immediate surroundings, represents the most important consequence of the urbanization influence on the topoclimate. As compared to the smaller cities in its surroundings, Belgrade's average annual temperature is from 0,4 to 1,0 ?C higher (period 1961-1990). A very liable index of the Belgrade's heat island is the air temperature measured at the airport in Surcin. In the period from 1971-1990. average annual air temperature at the airport was 11,2 ?C, and in the city center it was 0,7 ?C higher. Belgrade has a higher absolute minimal temperature than its surroundings during every month. In the last climatic period the absolute temperature minimum in Belgrade was even 5,4 ?C higher than the highest value measured within this parameter in its wider surroundings (Veliko Gradiste -26,4 ?C). In the above mentioned twenty years period the absolute air temperature minimum in Surcin was -26,0 ?C, and in the city center only -18,2 ?C. The number of the frosty days at the airport was 77,8, and in Belgrade 58,2. Although the heat island of Belgrade was formed together with formation of the city, it was more evident at the beginning of the 20th century (0,4 ?C). During the next five to six decades a faster intensity growth was recorded (up to 0,9 ?C). This coincides with the period of the population growth as well as with development of the city activities, industry above all. During one year the intensity of the Belgrade's heat island reached its maximum in winter. In January the city, as compared to Surcin, was warmer for about 1,0 ?C, and in September for only 0,1 ?C. The daily variations of the heat island are such that it reaches its highest intensity during the evening hours (at 9 p.m. 0,9 ?C). If the average values of the extreme daily temperatures are being examined, one can see a distinct difference: average city minimums are 1,5 ?C higher than the airport minimums, while the maximums are only 0,2 ?C higher. During winter, in concrete anticyclonic conditions, it can be 10 ?C warmer in the city than in the immediate surroundings. Together with the perennial growth of heat island intensity, its "space range" also expands. The space structure of the heat island is very distinct. Exceptions in the temperature values between certain points of measurements in the winter morning hours can go up to 6-8 ?C.

scholarly journals The growth of the Fellowship

1938 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Absolute

Unlike the Academies of Science in most other countries where they exist, the Royal Society is not restricted by the terms of its Charters in the number of candidates which may be admitted to the Fellowship. The selection and election of candidates is left to the absolute discretion of the President, Council and Fellows of the Society. The manner in which they have carried out this duty in the past is of special interest in studying the growth of the Society. From its foundation the Society was absolutely dependent upon its own resources, for it had neither a subvention from the State nor were its publications printed by an official printing press, advantages which other national academies have usually enjoyed. The subscriptions of its Fellows and occasional gifts and bequests were all that the Council could look to for meeting the growing expenses of the young Society. The development of an adequate membership was therefore imperative, and long engaged the Councils attention.

The Absolute Drought of Critique

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-97
Author(s):  
Willy Thayer
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Critique Of Violence ◽  
Absolute Knowledge

This chapter looks at Walter Benjamin's essay “Critique of Violence” in 1921. In the essay, it explains that violence is representational sovereignty that declares the state of exception, be it to found or to conserve regimes of representation. It points out how more foundation, representation, and catastrophe involves becoming more regular and familiar with violence. Absolute knowledge and recollection would be the absolute drought of critique or destruction. The chapter highlights the “Critique of Violence”, which is a critique of sovereign right itself and a critique of the violent opening of initiation in which it consists. It further explains Benjamin's essay and its discussion on violence as the dialectic that puts exception to work for the triumphal cortege of representation, establishing a continuum between violation and progress.

scholarly journals The CBR frequency spectrum below 1 GHz recent results and new observations

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 297-298
Author(s):  
G. Sironi ◽  
G. Bonelli ◽  
M. Gervasi
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Universe

AbstractWe are carrying on measurements of the absolute temperature of the CBR at various frequencies near and below 1 GHz, looking for so far undetected deviations from a planckian spectrum. The amplitude and frequency of those distortions can give precious information about the history of the Universe.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document