scholarly journals The growth of the Fellowship

1938 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Absolute

Unlike the Academies of Science in most other countries where they exist, the Royal Society is not restricted by the terms of its Charters in the number of candidates which may be admitted to the Fellowship. The selection and election of candidates is left to the absolute discretion of the President, Council and Fellows of the Society. The manner in which they have carried out this duty in the past is of special interest in studying the growth of the Society. From its foundation the Society was absolutely dependent upon its own resources, for it had neither a subvention from the State nor were its publications printed by an official printing press, advantages which other national academies have usually enjoyed. The subscriptions of its Fellows and occasional gifts and bequests were all that the Council could look to for meeting the growing expenses of the young Society. The development of an adequate membership was therefore imperative, and long engaged the Councils attention.

scholarly journals [Report of the Secretary and Treasurer of the Royal Society]

1881 ◽  
Vol 31 (206-211) ◽  
pp. 73-114
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Events

Happy is the nation that has no history, —none, that is to say, in the matter of political events, of diplomatic victories or defeats, of warlike achievements, or other staple topics of record, as history is wont to be written. And such, in fact, has been the state of our own community during the past year.

scholarly journals Perkembangan Gugatan Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum oleh Pemerintah Pasca-Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 (Development of Lawsuit for Law Violation by the Government Post Statute/Law Number 30 of 2014)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagus Oktafian Abrianto ◽  
Xavier Nugraha ◽  
Nathanael Grady
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
District Court ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Good Will ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Government

The existence of a lawsuit for unlawful acts by the authorities (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) is one of the means of providing legal protection for the citizens from actions (handling) carried out by the government. Over time, the concept of onrechtmatige overheidsdaad has develops dynamically. The change in the concept of the State Administrative Decree in Article 87 of Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration has caused an onrechtmatige overheidsdaad lawsuit which was once the absolute competence of the District Court, and now became the absolute competence of the State Administrative Court. This research attempts to explain the changes in the regulation and changes in the concept of onrechtmatige overheidsdaad after the enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014. The transfer of authority to examine onrechtmatige overheidsdaad lawsuit from the general court to the state administrative court has various juridical consequences, ranging from changes in procedural law, petitum and posita. One of the important consequences is a change related to the implementation or execution of the judicial decision, where in the past, when an onrechtmatige overheidsdaad lawsuit was an absolute competence of a district court, the implementation of the decision depended on the good will of the government. However, after becoming absolute competence of the Administrative Court, there is a mechanism of forced efforts so that the decision can be carried out by the relevant government agencies (defendants).AbstrakKeberadaan gugatan perbuatan melanggar hukum oleh penguasa (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) merupakan salah satu sarana pelindungan hukum masyarakat atas tindakan (handeling) yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Adapun konsep mengenai onrechtmatige overheidsdaad berkembang secara dinamis dari waktu ke waktu. Perubahan konsep Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara (KTUN) di dalam Pasal 87 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, menyebabkan gugatan onrechtmatige overheidsdaad yang dahulu merupakan kompetensi absolut Pengadilan Negeri, berubah menjadi kompetensi absolut Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara. Penelitian ini berusaha memaparkan mengenai perubahan pengaturan dan perubahan konsep onrechtmatige overheidsdaad pasca berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014. Beralihnya kewenangan untuk memeriksa gugatan onrechtmatige overheidsdaad dari lingkungan peradilan umum ke peradilan tata usaha negara memiliki berbagai konsekuensi yuridis, mulai dari perubahan hukum acara, petitum, dan posita. Salah satu konsekuensi yang cukup penting adalah perubahan terkait dengan pelaksanaan putusan atau eksekusi. Dahulu, gugatan onrechtmatige overheidsdaad merupakan kompetensi absolut pengadilan negeri, sehingga pelaksanaan putusan tergantung dari itikad baik (good will) dari pemerintah. Pasca-beralih ke kompetensi absolut PTUN, terdapat mekanisme upaya paksa agar putusan tersebut dapat dijalankan oleh instransi pemerintah terkait (tergugat).

scholarly journals VIII.—Experimental Inquiry into the Laws of the Conduction of Heat in Bars. Part II. On the Conductivity of Wrought Iron, deduced from the Experiments of 1851

1865 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Made In

39. In the first part of this paper, read to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in April 1862, and published in their Transactions, I explained the principles of a method devised by me in 1850 for ascertaining the absolute conducting power of substances capable of being formed into long bars; and I also stated the general results of experiments made in 1851 on the Conductivity for heat of wrought Iron.40. I explained in Art. 14 of that paper, that the publication of the results had been for ten years withheld, partly in consequence of the state of my health which completely interrupted the experiments, but still more from the defective graduation of some of the thermometers used, which made it necessary to submit the instruments to a careful scrutiny, and to repeat with the duly corrected numbers the whole of the elaborate projections of the curves and calculations from them, on which the accuracy of the final results of course depends.

Collective Memory: Between Values and Historical Knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
VICTOR BURLACHUK
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

At the end of the twentieth century, questions of a secondary nature suddenly became topical: what do we remember and who owns the memory? Memory as one of the mental characteristics of an individual’s activity is complemented by the concept of collective memory, which requires a different method of analysis than the activity of a separate individual. In the 1970s, a situation arose that gave rise to the so-called "historical politics" or "memory politics." If philosophical studies of memory problems of the 30’s and 40’s of the twentieth century were focused mainly on the peculiarities of perception of the past in the individual and collective consciousness and did not go beyond scientific discussions, then half a century later the situation has changed dramatically. The problem of memory has found its political sound: historians and sociologists, politicians and representatives of the media have entered the discourse on memory. Modern society, including all social, ethnic and family groups, has undergone a profound change in the traditional attitude towards the past, which has been associated with changes in the structure of government. In connection with the discrediting of the Soviet Union, the rapid decline of the Communist Party and its ideology, there was a collapse of Marxism, which provided for a certain model of time and history. The end of the revolutionary idea, a powerful vector that indicated the direction of historical time into the future, inevitably led to a rapid change in perception of the past. Three models of the future, which, according to Pierre Nora, defined the face of the past (the future as a restoration of the past, the future as progress and the future as a revolution) that existed until recently, have now lost their relevance. Today, absolute uncertainty hangs over the future. The inability to predict the future poses certain challenges to the present. The end of any teleology of history imposes on the present a debt of memory. Features of the life of memory, the specifics of its state and functioning directly affect the state of identity, both personal and collective. Distortion of memory, its incorrect work, and its ideological manipulation can give rise to an identity crisis. The memorial phenomenon is a certain political resource in a situation of severe socio-political breaks and changes. In the conditions of the economic crisis and in the absence of a real and clear program for future development, the state often seeks to turn memory into the main element of national consolidation.

A Short Life of Kierkegaard

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Lowrie ◽  
Alastair Hannay
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Soren Kierkegaard ◽  
The State ◽  
Young Girl ◽  
Love Affair ◽  
Short Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Hans Christian Andersen

A small, insignificant-looking intellectual with absurdly long legs, Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) was a veritable Hans Christian Andersen caricature of a man. A strange combination of witty cosmopolite and melancholy introvert, he spent years writing under a series of fantastical pseudonyms, lavishing all the splendor of his mind on a seldom-appreciative world. He had a tragic love affair with a young girl, was dominated by an unforgettable Old Testament father, fought a sensational literary duel with a popular satiric magazine, and died in the midst of a violent quarrel with the state church for which he had once studied theology. Yet this iconoclast produced a number of brilliant books that have profoundly influenced modern thought. This classic biography presents a charming and warmly appreciative introduction to the life and work of the great Danish writer. It tells the story of Kierkegaard's emotionally turbulent life with a keen sense of drama and an acute understanding of how his life shaped his thought. The result is a wonderfully informative and entertaining portrait of one of the most important thinkers of the past two centuries.

“The Past, Present, and Future of Accounting History”: A Comment on the State of Accounting History

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry D. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The State ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
Global Society ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
The Past

ABSTRACT This response to the recent contribution by Matthews (2019) entitled “The Past, Present, and Future of Accounting History” specifically deals with the issues associated with concentrating on counting publication numbers in examining the state of a scholarly research field at the start of the 2020s. It outlines several pitfalls with the narrowly focused publications count analysis, in selected English language journals only, as provided by Matthews. The commentary is based on three key arguments: (1) accounting history research and publication is far more than a “numbers game”; (2) trends in the quality of the research undertaken and published are paramount; and (3) international publication and accumulated knowledge in accounting history are indeed more than a collection of English language publications. The author seeks to contribute to discussion and debate between accounting historians and other researchers for the benefit and development of the international accounting history community and global society.

Last Battles over Absolutism: 1704 Onwards

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
George Berkeley ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
The Past ◽  
John Clarke ◽  
British Philosopher

This chapter considers the explosion of debate in British philosophy in the decades following Clarke’s 1704 Boyle lectures, and the publication of Newton’s 1706 Optice and 1713 Principia. The early parts of the chapter explain that absolutism about time, duration, or space was defended by thinkers such as George Cheyne, Samuel Colliber, John Clarke and Catharine Cockburn; and attacked by relationists or idealists such as George Berkeley, Daniel Waterland, Edmund Law, and Joseph Clarke. The later parts of this chapter explore the absolutism of British philosopher John Jackson, whose unique views are of special interest: Jackson holds that God is extendedly present in space and time; and connects absolutism with the doctrine now known as ‘eternalism’, on which the past, present, and future are equally real.

Statehood and the State-Like in International Law

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Peremptory Norms ◽  
Legal Sense

If the term were given its literal meaning, international law would be law between ‘nations’. It is often described instead as being primarily between states. But this conceals the diversity of the nations or state-like entities that have personality in international law or that have had it historically. This book reconceptualizes statehood by positioning it within that wider family of state-like entities. An important conclusion of the book is that states themselves have diverse legal underpinnings. Practice in cases such as Somalia and broader principles indicate that international law provides not one but two alternative methods of qualifying as a state: subject to exceptions connected with territorial integrity and peremptory norms, an entity can be a state either on the ground that it meets criteria of effectiveness or on the ground that it is recognized by all other states. Another conclusion is that states, in the strict legal sense in which the word is used today, have never been the only state-like entities with personality in international law. Others from the past and present include imperial China in the period when it was unreceptive to Western norms; pre-colonial African chiefdoms; ‘states-in-context’, an example of which may be Palestine, which have the attributes of statehood relative to states that recognize them; and entities such as Hong Kong.

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