scholarly journals Questioning Racial and Gender Bias in AI-based Recommendations: Do Espoused National Cultural Values Matter?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjul Gupta ◽  
Carlos M. Parra ◽  
Denis Dennehy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
And Gender

AbstractOne realm of AI, recommender systems have attracted significant research attention due to concerns about its devastating effects to society’s most vulnerable and marginalised communities. Both media press and academic literature provide compelling evidence that AI-based recommendations help to perpetuate and exacerbate racial and gender biases. Yet, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which individuals might question AI-based recommendations when perceived as biased. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigate the effects of espoused national cultural values on AI questionability, by examining how individuals might question AI-based recommendations due to perceived racial or gender bias. Data collected from 387 survey respondents in the United States indicate that individuals with espoused national cultural values associated to collectivism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance are more likely to question biased AI-based recommendations. This study advances understanding of how cultural values affect AI questionability due to perceived bias and it contributes to current academic discourse about the need to hold AI accountable.

Even Today, a Western and Gendered Social Science: Persistent Geographic and Gender Biases in Undergraduate IR Teaching

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cleeland Knight
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Science ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Faculty ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
And Gender

Abstract A perennial critique of international relations is that the field focuses disproportionately on the United States and Europe and contains a gender bias in terms of ignoring issues of particular concern to women. The field is also infamous for how difficult it is for female scholars to publish and have their publications cited. This study evaluates these claims of bias in the area of undergraduate international relations teaching by analyzing an original dataset of 48 introduction to international relations syllabi from ten countries. The study analyzes the authors of required readings and the theories and empirical topics taught, and finds that the geographic and gender biases are both firmly in place. The first finding is that courses assign readings predominantly from US-resident, US-trained, male authors, even those courses taught outside the United States and those taught by female faculty. A second finding is that assigned readings focus overwhelmingly on the United States more than any other country or region, and only 1 percent of readings focus specifically on gender-related issues.

scholarly journals An International Comparison of Attitudes Toward Traditional and Modern Medicine in a Chinese and an American Clinic Setting

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Burke ◽  
Tony Kuo ◽  
Rick Harvey ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
And Gender

Introduction. International comparative research on traditional medicine (TM) offers a useful method for examining differences in patient characteristics and can provide insight into: (i) more universal characteristics which may cross cultures and international borders; (ii) unique characteristics influenced by regional/national factors; and (iii) cultural values of immigrant populations. To explore these issues TM patients from the United States and China were compared.Methods.Data collection took place at two TM college clinics. A convenience sample of 128 patients in China and 127 patients in the United States completed a 28-item questionnaire.Results.There was a marked similarity between the two patient groups in terms of the biological characteristics of age and gender. Musculoskeletal issues were the most common presenting complaints in the United States; while in China TM was used for a more diverse array of conditions. The majority of patients in both countries had initially used allopathic medicine (AM); significantly, more of the United States respondents stopped allopathic treatment after beginning traditional treatment. In comparing the two countries, patients in China were significantly more satisfied with AM and American patients significantly more satisfied with TM. In comparing the two medicines, the patient samples in both countries were significantly more satisfied with TM than AM.Discussion.Although treatment often originated with allopathic providers, many patients sought alternatives presumably to find the best solution to their problems. This tendency toward self-assignment suggests that a pluralistic healthcare system may provide the greatest satisfaction resulting from personal choice and improved outcomes.

scholarly journals Rugged Meritocratists: The Role of Overt Bias and the Meritocratic Ideology in Trump Supporters’ Opposition to Social Justice Efforts

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311771239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin A. Cech
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
And Gender

Opposition to social justice efforts plays a key role in reproducing social inequalities in the United States. Focusing on supporters of Donald Trump as a possible exemplar of politically structured resistance to these efforts, the author asks whether and why Trump supporters are more likely than other Americans to oppose social justice efforts. Analysis of a proportionally representative, postelection survey ( n = 1,151) reveals that Trump supporters are indeed more opposed to social justice efforts. They also express greater overt race, class, and gender bias, yet this bias does not explain their opposition. Rather, many Trump supporters are “rugged meritocratists” who oppose these efforts because they believe U.S. society is already fair. To expand support for social justice efforts, rugged meritocratists must first be convinced that systemic inequalities still exist.

Asian American and Pacific Islander Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
Emily Hunt ◽  
Cindy Y. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Pacific Islander ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Minority ◽  
Sexual And Gender Minority ◽  
And Gender

Psychological research on sexual and gender minority (SGM) people of color has grown in recent years; however, little is still understood about the experiences of Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs. The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize the current research that examines the intersections of the racial identity of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, SGM identity, and the mental health of Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs. Historical contexts of attitudes toward SGMs in Asian and Pacific Island countries as well as in the United States are provided to contextualize the specific sociocultural issues faced by Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs in the United States. The authors also discuss the role of specific Asian American and Pacific Islander cultural values such as gender norms, family values, and loss of face in the development and expression of SGM identity. This chapter also examines the unique mental health risks faced by Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs through the lens of double minority stress. The authors conclude with recommendations for directions of future research.

scholarly journals Eugenics, sterilization, and historical memory in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 195-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Minna Stern ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The United States ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
And Gender

Abstract From the 1920s to the 1950s, California sterilized approximately 20,000 people in state homes and hospitals based on a eugenic law that authorized medical superintendents to perform reproductive surgeries on patients deemed unfit and “suffering from a mental affliction likely to be inherited.” Working with a unique resource – a dataset created from 19,000 sterilization recommendations – my team and I have reconstructed patterns and experiences of institutionalization of sterilizations. This article presents several of our important initial findings related to ethnic and gender bias in sterilization policies, and reflects on the relevance of the history for contemporary issues in genomics and social justice.

Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance of Asian Men in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-656
Author(s):  
Soeun Park ◽  
Yunkyoung Loh Garrison ◽  
William Ming Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ambiguity Tolerance ◽  
Masculine Norms ◽  
Asian Cultural Values ◽  
Asian Men ◽  
And Gender

Asian men in the United States often face race-based occupational segregation and gender-role pressure. Career decision ambiguity tolerance (CDAT) can be a source of psychological adaptation in these individuals’ complex contexts. We conducted a cluster analysis to investigate the CDAT profiles among the sample of Asian men and their associations with adherence to Asian cultural values and masculine norms, racial occupational barriers, and subjective well-being. Results showed that the participants who were more tolerant of career decision ambiguity tended to engage more in career behaviors and show higher psychological well-being. Participants who were more anxious about career decision ambiguity showed higher adherence to Asian cultural values and some traditional masculine norms. The results may indicate higher career intervention needs of Asian men with stronger adherence to traditional cultural and gender norms at the face of unpredictable career decision-making.

Multicultural Assessment of Personality and Psychopathology in the United States: Still Art, Not Yet Science, and Controversial

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Dana
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Therapeutic Assessment ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The Status ◽  
Training Research ◽  
Multicultural Assessment ◽  
Personality Description

This paper describes the status of multicultural assessment training, research, and practice in the United States. Racism, politicization of issues, and demands for equity in assessment of psychopathology and personality description have created a climate of controversy. Some sources of bias provide an introduction to major assessment issues including service delivery, moderator variables, modifications of standard tests, development of culture-specific tests, personality theory and cultural/racial identity description, cultural formulations for psychiatric diagnosis, and use of findings, particularly in therapeutic assessment. An assessment-intervention model summarizes this paper and suggests dimensions that compel practitioners to ask questions meriting research attention and providing avenues for developments of culturally competent practice.

Documents, Ethics, and the Disability Historian

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Richards ◽  
Susan Burch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Disability History ◽  
Historical Production ◽  
The Invisible

The factors driving research into disability history methodology in its practical dimensions (such as finding and analyzing sources and presenting findings), the cultural values that inform it, and who populates intended audiences all contribute to the invisible infrastructure of historical production. When historians of disability access a rich source of data, they also must ask who created it, who benefited from its preservation, and whose stories are left untold. Sharing knowledge—through preservation and dissemination—equally shapes disability historical work. In all of this, access and accessibility—from built spaces and source types to research aids and scholarly products—remain paramount. Ways to proceed with sensitivity and creativity in the exploration of disabled peoples’ and disability’s pasts are presented from the perspective of the United States.

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