scholarly journals Evaluation of Rapid Testing Algorithms for Venue-based Anonymous HIV Testing among Non-HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS), 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1228-1235
Author(s):  
Shamaya Whitby ◽  
◽  
Amanda Smith ◽  
Rebecca Rossetti ◽  
Johanna Chapin-Bardales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Testing ◽  
Behavioral Surveillance ◽  
National Hiv Behavioral Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Hiv Rapid Testing ◽  
Testing Algorithms ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract HIV rapid testing algorithms (RTAs) using any two orthogonal rapid tests (RTs) allow for on-site confirmation of infection. RTs vary in performance characteristics therefore the selection of RTs in an algorithm may affect identification of infection, particularly if acute. National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) assessed RTAs among men who have sex with men recruited using anonymous venue-based sampling. Different algorithms were evaluated among participants who self-reported never having received a positive HIV test result prior to the interview. NHBS project areas performed sequential or parallel RTs using whole blood. Participants with at least one reactive RT were offered anonymous linkage to care and provided a dried blood spot (DBS) for testing at CDC. Discordant results (RT-1 reactive/RT-2 non-reactive) were tested at CDC with lab protocols modified for DBS. DBS were also tested for HIV-1 RNA (VL) and antiretroviral (ARV) drug levels. Of 6500 RTAs, 238 were RT-1 reactive; of those, 97.1% (231/238) had concordant results (RT-1/RT-2 reactive) and 2.9% (7/238) had discordant results. Five DBS associated with discordant results were available for confirmation at CDC. Four had non-reactive confirmatory test results that implied RT-1 false reactivity; one had ambiguous confirmatory test results which was non-reactive in further testing. Regardless of order and type of RT used, RTAs demonstrated high concordant results in the population surveyed. Additional laboratory testing on DBS following discordant results confirmed no infection. Implementing RTAs in the context of anonymous venue-based HIV testing could be an option when laboratory follow-up is not practicable.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antenatal rapid human immunodeficiency virus testing in rural South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson ◽  
Pravi Moodley ◽  
Benn Sartorius ◽  
Paul K. Drain
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Testing ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Hiv Rapid Testing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Testing Algorithm

Introduction: South African guidelines recommend two rapid tests for diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the serial HIV testing algorithm, but the accuracy and compliance to this algorithm is unknown in rural clinics. We evaluated the accuracy of HIV rapid testing and the time to receiving test results among pregnant women in rural KwaZulu-Natal (KZN).Method: We observed the accuracy of rapid HIV testing algorithms for 208 consenting antenatal patients accessing voluntary HIV testing services in nine rural primary healthcare (PHC) clinics in KZN. A PHC-based HIV counsellor obtained finger-prick whole blood from each participant to perform rapid testing using the Advanced Quality™ One Step anti-HIV (1&2) and/or ABON™ HIV 1/2/O Tri-Line HIV test. A research nurse obtained venous blood for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) HIV test, which is the gold standard diagnostic test. We recorded the time of receipt of HIV test results for each test.Results: Among 208 pregnant women with a mean age of 26 years, 72 women from nine rural PHC clinics were identified as HIV-positive by two rapid tests with an HIV-prevalence of 35% (95% Bayesian credibility intervals [BCI]: 28% – 41%). Of the 208 patients, 135 patients from six clinics were tested with the serial HIV testing algorithm. The estimated sensitivity and specificity for the 135 participants were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93% – 100%) and 99% (CI: 95% – 100%), respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were estimated at 98% (CI: 94% – 100%) and 95% (CI: 88% – 99%), respectively. All women received their HIV rapid test results within 20 min of testing. Test stock-out resulted in poor test availability at point-of-care, preventing performance of a second HIV test in three out of nine PHC clinics in rural KZN.Conclusion: Despite the poor compliance with national guidelines for HIV rapid testing services, HIV rapid test results provided to pregnant women in rural PHC clinics in KZN were generally accurate and timely. Test stock-out was shown to be one of the barriers to test availability in rural PHC clinics, resulting in poor compliance with guidelines. We recommend a compulsory confirmation HIV rapid test for all HIV-negative test results obtained from pregnant patients in rural and resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals Implementation of Rapid HIV Testing Programs in Community and Outreach Settings: Perspectives from Staff at Eight Community-Based Organizations in Seven U.S. Cities

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hollie A. Clark ◽  
Kristina E. Bowles ◽  
Binwei Song ◽  
James D. Heffelfinger
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Hiv Counseling ◽  
Community Based Organizations ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Rapid Hiv Test

Objectives. The goals of this research were to evaluate perceptions of staff about the effectiveness of methods used by eight community-based organizations (CBOs) to implement human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and rapid testing in community and outreach settings in seven U.S. cities, and to identify operational challenges. Methods. A survey was administered to CBO staff to determine their perceptions about the effectiveness of methods used to select testing venues, promote their testing programs, recruit people for testing, provide test results, and link HIV-positive people to health care. Using a Likert scale, respondents rated the effectiveness of methods, their agreement with statements about using mobile testing units (MTUs) and rapid HIV test kits, and operational challenges. Results. Most respondents perceived the methods they used for selecting testing venues, and particularly using recommendations from people receiving testing, to be effective. Most respondents also thought their promotional activities were effective. Respondents believed that using MTUs improved their capacity to reach high-risk individuals, but that MTUs were associated with substantial challenges (e.g., costs to purchase and maintain them). Programmatic challenges included training staff to provide counseling and testing, locating and providing confirmatory test results to people with reactive rapid tests, and sustaining testing programs. Conclusions. CBO staff thought the methods used to select venues for HIV testing were effective and that using MTUs increased their ability to provide testing to high-risk individuals. However, using MTUs was expensive and posed logistical difficulties. CBOs planning to implement similar programs should take these findings into consideration and pay particular attention to training needs and program sustainability.

scholarly journals Comprehensive approach to HIV/AIDS testing and linkage to treatment among men who have sex with men in Curitiba, Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0249877
Author(s):  
Marly Marques da Cruz ◽  
Vanda Lúcia Cota ◽  
Nena Lentini ◽  
Trista Bingham ◽  
Gregory Parent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Hiv Rapid Testing ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction The Curitiba (Brazil)-based Project, A Hora é Agora (AHA), evaluated a comprehensive HIV control strategy among men who have sex with men (MSM) aimed at expanding access to HIV rapid testing and linking HIV-positive MSM to health services and treatment. AHA’s approach included rapid HIV Testing Services (HTC) in one mobile testing unit (MTU); a local, gay-led, non-governmental organization (NGO); an existing government-run health facility (COA); and Internet-based HIV self-testing. The objectives of the paper were to compare a) number of MSM tested in each strategy, its positivity and linkage; b) social, demographic and behavioral characteristics of MSM accessing the different HTC and linkage services; and c) the costs of the individual strategies to diagnose and link MSM to services. Methods We used data for 2,681 MSM tested at COA, MTU and NGO from March 2015 to March 2017. This is a cross sectional comparison of the demographics and behavioral factors (age group, race/ethnicity, education, sexually transmitted diseases, knowledge of AHA services and previous HIV test). Absolute frequencies, percentage distributions and confidence intervals for the percentages were used, as well as unilateral statistical tests. Results and discussion AHA performed 2,681 HIV tests among MSM across three in-person strategies: MTU, NGO, and COA; and distributed 4,752 HIV oral fluid tests through the self-testing platform. MTU, NGO and COA reported 365 (13.6%) HIV positive diagnoses among MSM, including 28 users with previous HIV diagnosis or on antiretroviral treatment for HIV. Of these, 89% of MSM were eligible for linkage-to-care services. Linkage support was accepted by 86% of positive MSM, of which 66.7% were linked to services in less than 90 days. The MTU resulted in the lowest cost per MSM tested ($137 per test), followed by self-testing ($247). Conclusions AHA offered MSM access to HTC through innovative strategies operating in alternative sites and schedules. It presented the Curitiba HIV/AIDS community the opportunity to monitor HIV-positive MSM from diagnosis to treatment uptake. Self-testing emerged as a feasible strategy to increase MSM access to HIV-testing through virtual tools and anonymous test kit delivery and pick-up. Cost per test findings in both the MTU and self-testing support expansion to other regions with similar epidemiological contexts.

Factors Associated with HIV Testing History and Returning for HIV Test Results Among Men Who have Sex with Men in Thailand

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wipas Wimonsate ◽  
Sathapana Naorat ◽  
Anchalee Varangrat ◽  
Praphan Phanuphak ◽  
Kamolset Kanggarnrua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Sex With Men

scholarly journals Return of test results in Vietnam HIV sentinel surveillance: Implementation and preliminary results

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giang T. Le ◽  
Duc H. Bui ◽  
Diep T. Vu ◽  
Duong C. Thanh ◽  
Nghia V. Khuu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Hiv Serostatus ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Test Result

ObjectiveTo describe the implementation and preliminary results of returning HIV test results to participants in Vietnam HIV sentinel surveillance.IntroductionKnowledge of one’s HIV serostatus helps improve quality of life for those who test positive and decreases the risk of HIV transmission. WHO recommends that all participants in HIV prevalence surveys be provided access to their test results, especially those who test HIV positive [1]. Anonymous Vietnam HIV sentinel surveillance (HSS), implemented since 1994, focuses on people who inject drugs (PWID), female sex workers (FSW), and men who have sex with men (MSM) [2]. According to national guidelines, the HIV testing algorithm for surveillance purposes was based on two tests whereas the diagnostic algorithm for individuals was based on three tests. Thus, surveillance test results could not be returned to participants [3] who were instead encouraged to learn their HIV serostatus by testing at public confirmatory testing sites.In 2015, a three-test strategy was applied as part of HSS so that test results could be returned to participants.MethodsIn 2015, return of HIV test results was implemented as a pilot in 16 HSS provinces. HSS participants were asked to identify which of the designated HIV testing and counselling centers (HTC) in the province was most convenient for them. Participants were then given appointment cards with an assigned survey ID to receive their test results at the chosen venue at a specific date and time. Specimens, with assigned survey IDs, were transferred to the respective HIV laboratory at the Province AIDS Center (PAC) for confirmatory testing. The same three-test algorithm was used for surveillance purposes as well as to return confirmatory test results to participants [3]. Final test results were classified as “positive”, “negative” or “indeterminate”. HIV confirmatory test results were made available at all designated HTC in the provinces within 10 days after blood collection; thus, if a participant presented at a location, date or time that differed from the appointment card, s/he could still receive the test result. In some settings in which provinces integrated HSS with either static or mobile HTC, three rapid tests were used at point-of-care so that same-day test results were available. In this case, participants received test results at the end of the specified time regardless of their infection status.At the HTC, individuals showed their appointment cards. The IDs were used to identify the correct test results which were then given verbally to participants by HTC counsellors. Test results were not returned by phone or email. Individuals who tested positive were immediately referred to HIV treatment and other available health/social services in the province.The proportion of participants who received their test results was calculated for each survey group and province.ResultsThe number of provinces that reported returning of HIV test results in 2015 and 2016 were 14 and 15, respectively. Overall, among 15,530 persons tested through HSS in 2015 and 2016, 7,354 persons returned to receive their test results. The proportion of participants who returned for test results varied by province and survey population (table 1). In some provinces where HSS was integrated with HTC, such as Hai Phong and Dong Thap, 100% of participants received their test results within a day [4].ConclusionsReturning HIV test results to HIV surveillance participants is feasible and beneficial in low-income countries like Vietnam. This enhancement facilitates participants learning their serostatus and contributes toward Vietnam’s achievement of HIV control [4]. Based on the pilot experiences, Vietnam Ministry of Health decided to extend test result notifications to all 20 HSS provinces in 2017.Key factors that contributed to the success of the activity were fast turnaround time, roles and level of commitment of PAC, and coordination between the survey and HTC. The returning rate in HSS 2015 and 2016 are promising but these could be improved further. Better coordination and commitment between the survey and HIV testing service are needed to further increase return rates so that HIV-positive individuals can learn their serostatus and be better linked to care and treatment services.References1. WHO, Guidelines for second generation HIV surveillance: An update: Know your epidemic, 2013.2. VAAC, Guidance for epidemiological surveillance of HIV/AIDS & sexually transmitted infections, 2012.3. MOH, National guideline on HIV serology testing, in Decision 1098/QD-BYT, 2013.4. VAAC, Primarily results of HSS, 2016. 

scholarly journals Low HIV testing among persons who inject drugs—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 20 U.S. cities, 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Cooley ◽  
Cyprian Wejnert ◽  
Michael W. Spiller ◽  
Dita Broz ◽  
Gabriela Paz-Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Persons Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Behavioral Surveillance ◽  
National Hiv Behavioral Surveillance

Increases in both HIV and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Vietnam: Urgent need for comprehensive responses

2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242110364
Author(s):  
Thuong V Nguyen ◽  
Hau P Tran ◽  
Nghia V Khuu ◽  
Phuc D Nguyen ◽  
Tu N Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Early Sexual Debut ◽  
Sti Prevention ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Sex With Men

The objective of this study was to determine the temporal trends and factors associated with HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in southern Vietnam. Data from the 2014–2018 national HIV sentinel surveillance of MSM aged 16 years or older were collected from three provinces, including An Giang ( N = 761), Can Tho ( N = 900), and Ho Chi Minh City ( N = 1426), and examined for changes in prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis and risk behaviors over time. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the trends and correlates of HIV and syphilis infections among MSM. There were upward trends for HIV (9.5% in 2014 to 14.2% in 2018, p-trend<0.01), syphilis (4.9% in 2014 to 8.0% 2018, p-trend<0.01), and HIV/syphilis co-infection (1.9% in 2014 to 3.1% in 2018, p-trend=0.01). Factors associated with HIV infection included place of residence, early sexual debut, consistent condom use and not engaging in anal sex during the past month, not knowing one’s HIV test results, having ever injected drugs, and having active syphilis. Additionally, early sexual debut and being HIV positive were associated with syphilis infection. Rising prevalences of these infections among MSM suggests an urgent need for comprehensive intervention packages for HIV/STI prevention.

scholarly journals Potential for false positive HIV test results with the serial rapid HIV testing algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Baveewo ◽  
Moses R Kamya ◽  
Harriet Mayanja-Kizza ◽  
Robin Fatch ◽  
David R Bangsberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Testing Algorithm

scholarly journals Uptake of HIV testing and HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Karnataka

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Vani Srinivas ◽  
Rajesh T. Patil ◽  
M. Chandrakantha ◽  
T. L. N. Prasad ◽  
Sunil D. Khaparde
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Immuno Deficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Sex With Men

Background: This paper presents the prevalence of human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) attending integrated counselling and testing Centres (ICTC) in selected districts of Karnataka.Methods: A cross sectional study was done at ICTCs. Men and transgenders coming with referral slips from targeted intervention (TI), non-government organizations (NGOs) were considered as MSMs. The basic demographic data, HIV test result and details of post- test counselling were collected in specific format. Data from 13 districts was obtained from April 2009 to March 2010 and comparing the prevalence of HIV among MSM in HIV sentinel surveillance (HSS).Results: Out of 8,276 MSMs in 13 districts, 2808 (33.9%) visited ICTCs with TI NGOs referral slips and were tested for HIV once in a year. The overall prevalence of HIV was 8.6%. Prevalence was highest (17.3%) among men in the age group of 41 to 45 years, illiterates (11.5%), unemployed (11.2%) and divorced and separated (13.3%) and widowed (13.6%) MSMs. Among those tested, 97.7% of MSM underwent post-test counselling and collected their report. The highest HIV prevalence was among MSMs from Mysore district (20.1%), followed by Udupi (19.9%) and Bagalkot (10.6%). Rest of all the other districts had less than 10% of HIV prevalence.Conclusions: The uptake of HIV testing among the MSM with referral slips was low in Karnataka. The prevalence level differs in various districts. There is need for more focused and effective counselling by peer educators for correct and consistent condom usage among illiterate, widowed and unemployed MSMs.

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