Potential Antioxidative, Anti‐inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Ghrelin, an Endogenous Peptide from the Stomach in SARS-CoV2 Infection

Artemisinin and its derivatives (ARTs) are known as conventional antimalarial drugs with clinical safety and efficacy. Youyou Tu was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine due to her discovery of artemisinin and its therapeutic effects on malaria. Apart from antimalarial effects, mounting evidence has demonstrated that ARTs exert therapeutic effects on inflammation and autoimmune disorders because of their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. In this aspect, tremendous progress has been made during the past five to seven years. Therefore, the present review summarizes recent studies that have explored the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of ARTs on autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. In this review, we also discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of ARTs. Recent preclinical studies will help lay the groundwork for clinical trials using ARTs to treat various immune-based disorders, especially autoimmune diseases.

Download Full-text

Pharmacological Effects of Curcuma longa, Focused on Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects

Science of Spices and Culinary Herbs - Latest Laboratory, Pre-clinical, and Clinical Studies ◽

10.2174/9789814998123121040003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

M.H. Boskabady ◽

M.R. Khazdair ◽

A. Memarzia ◽

S. Behrouz ◽

Z. Ghlamnezhad

Keyword(s):

Curcuma Longa ◽

Pharmacological Effects ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Download Full-text

Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins

Kidney International ◽

10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00744.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 12-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 207

Author(s):

Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio ◽

José Tuñón ◽

Jose Luis Martín-Ventura ◽

Jesús Egido

Keyword(s):

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Download Full-text

In Vitro Studies on the Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulicaria crispa Extract on Human THP-1 Monocytes

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/7574606 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Tarfa Albrahim ◽

Moonerah M. Alnasser ◽

Mashael R. Al-Anazi ◽

Muneera D. ALKahtani ◽

Saad Alkahtani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staining Method ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Annexin V ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Macrophage Differentiation ◽

Future Studies ◽

Late Apoptosis ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background. Pulicaria crispa (P. crispa) is a plant from the Compositae family that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Objective. The current study aimed at investigating the immunomodulatory effects of P. crispa extract in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated human monocytic THP-1 cells. Methods. To induce macrophage differentiation, THP-1 cell lines were treated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate, followed by exposure to LPS with or without 50 or 100 μg/ml of P. crispa extract. The following tests were employed to test the immunomodulatory effects of the extract: MTT assay, ELISA, Western blotting analysis, cell migration and phagocytosis assays, and Annexin V staining method. Results. Exposure to 100 μg/ml P. crispa extract significantly reduced THP-1 cell proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis (in LPS-stimulated cells, but not in unstimulated cells). Moreover, the extract alone significantly reduced the rate of THP-1 cell apoptosis, while it increased the rate of late apoptosis. Molecular investigations showed that treatment with P. crispa extract significantly upregulated the expression of ERK1, p-MAPK, P-P38, and Bcl2, while it significantly reduced the expression of ERK5, Bax, NF-κB, P-NF-κB, CCL1, CCL2, CCL5, CCL22, CXCL1, and CXCL10. Conclusion. Pulicaria crispa extract exhibited anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimigratory, and antiphagocytic effects in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Future studies should investigate these mechanisms in animal models with chronic inflammatory diseases.

Download Full-text

Melatonin as an immunomodulator in children with Down syndrome

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/s41390-021-01611-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dean Huggard ◽

Lynne Kelly ◽

Amy Worrall ◽

Eleanor Gallagher ◽

Lida Fallah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Down Syndrome ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

List Type ◽

Tlr4 Expression ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Children With Down Syndrome ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Tlr Signalling

Abstract Background Down syndrome (DS) is a disorder characterised by marked immune dysfunction, increased mortality from sepsis, chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, sleep disturbance and possibly abnormal endogenous melatonin levels. Melatonin has a myriad of immune functions, and we hypothesised that this therapeutic agent could modulate the innate immune system in this cohort. Methods We investigated neutrophil and monocyte function (CD11b, TLR4 expression by flow cytometry), genes involved in TLR signalling (MyD88, IRAK4, TRIF), the inflammasome (NLRP3, IL-1β), and circadian rhythm (BMAL, CLOCK, CRY) by qPCR, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1ra, VEGF, Epo, GM-CSF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following immunomodulation with LPS endotoxin and melatonin. 47 children with DS and 23 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. Results We demonstrated that melatonin has several significant effects by reducing CD11b and TLR4 expression, attenuating TLR signalling, genes involved in the inflammasome and has the potential to reduce LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Conclusions Immunomodulatory effects of melatonin were found in both paediatric cohorts with more marked effects in the children with DS. Melatonin mediates immune response through a wide array of mechanisms and this immunomodulator may buffer the inflammatory response by regulating pro and anti-inflammatory signalling. Impact We highlight that melatonin mediates its immune response through a wide array of mechanisms, its effects appear to be dose dependant and children with Down syndrome may be more receptive to treatment with it. Immunomodulatory effects of melatonin were demonstrated with marked effects in the children with Down syndrome with a reduction of MyD88, IL-1ß and NLRP3 expression in whole-blood samples. Melatonin is a proposed anti-inflammatory agent with a well-established safety profile, that has the potential for mitigation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in paediatric Down syndrome cohorts, though further clinical trials are warranted.

Download Full-text

Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Balance in Major Depression: Effect of Sertraline Therapy

Clinical and Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1155/2007/76396 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 160

Author(s):

Levent Sutcigil ◽

Cagatay Oktenli ◽

Ugur Musabak ◽

Ali Bozkurt ◽

Adnan Cansever ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Major Depression ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Depression Effect ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Cytokine Balance ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Time Of Admission ◽

Anti Inflammatory Cytokine

The specific associations between antidepressant treatment and alterations in the levels of cytokines remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and MCP-1 in major depression and to investigate the effects of sertraline therapy. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured at the time of admission and 8 weeks after sertraline treatment. Our results suggest that the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α) and MCP-1 were significantly higher, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β1 were significantly lower in patients with major depression than those of healthy controls. It seems likely that the sertraline therapy might have exerted immunomodulatory effects through a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β1. In conclusion, our results indicate that Th1-, Th2-, and Th3-type cytokines are altered in the depressed patients and some of them might have been corrected by sertraline treatment.

Download Full-text