Assessment of Equivalence of the Spectral Radiance Scales Following the Results of the Comparison between the National Metrology Institutes of Korea, China, and Russia

The paper presents the assessment of equivalence of the spectral radiance scales in the wavelength range from 250 nm to 2500 nm, reproduced at the national metrology institutes of Korea (KRISS), China (NIM) and Russia (VNIIOFI), carried out in the framework of international comparison. The common set of three tungsten strip lamps was used as an artefact. Based on a series of blind measurements of the lamps spectral radiance performed at each laboratory, the reference value of the comparison was determined at each wavelength as a weighted mean of the measured data of three laboratories. The degree of equivalence of each laboratory was then calculated as the deviation of the measurement data of that participant from the reference value. A data analysis method was proposed for calculating the degree of equivalences and their uncertainties. The method is based on processing spectral radiance ratios, rather than differences, which allows eliminating the influence of a result of one particular participant to results of other laboratories. The comparison results confirm the equivalence of spectral radiance scales of all the laboratories within their expanded uncertainties except a few wavelength points.

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Brightness In The Photopic Range: Psychophysical Modelling With Blue-sensitive Retinal Signals

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2020-018 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-24

Author(s):

Peter Bodrogi ◽

Xue Guo ◽

Tran Quoc Khanh

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cells ◽

Light Stimulus ◽

Spectral Radiance ◽

Psychophysical Experiment ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Reasonable Accuracy ◽

Brightness Perception ◽

Content Model ◽

The Difference ◽

Cone Signal

The brightness perception of a large (41°) uniform visual field was investigated in a visual psychophysical experiment. Subjects assessed the brightness of 20 light source spectra of different chromaticities at two luminance levels, Lv=267.6 cd/m2 and Lv=24.8 cd/m2. The resulting mean subjective brightness scale values were modelled by a combination of the signals of retinal mechanisms: S-cones, rods, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and the difference of the L-cone signal and the M-cone signal. A new quantity, “relative spectral blue content”, was also considered for modelling. This quantity was defined as “the spectral radiance of the light stimulus integrated with the range (380–520) nm, relative to luminance”. The “relative spectral blue content” model could describe the subjective brightness perception of the observers with reasonable accuracy.

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The Infrared Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) for CLARREO

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12121915 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1915

Author(s):

Joe K. Taylor ◽

Henry E. Revercomb ◽

Fred A. Best ◽

David C. Tobin ◽

P. Jonathan Gero

Keyword(s):

Brightness Temperature ◽

New Technologies ◽

Spectral Radiance ◽

Overall Design ◽

Societal Challenges ◽

Ideal System ◽

Uncertainty Estimates ◽

Infrared Spectrometer ◽

Global Coverage

The Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) is an infrared spectrometer designed to serve as an on-orbit radiometric reference with the ultra-high accuracy (better than 0.1 K 3‑σ or k = 3 brightness temperature at scene brightness temperature) needed to optimize measurement of the long-term changes of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. If flown in an orbit that frequently crosses sun-synchronous orbits, ARI could be used to inter-calibrate the international fleet of infrared (IR) hyperspectral sounders to similar measurement accuracy, thereby establishing an observing system capable of achieving sampling biases on high-information-content spectral radiance products that are also < 0.1 K 3‑σ. It has been shown that such a climate observing system with <0.1 K 2‑σ overall accuracy would make it possible to realize times to detect subtle trends of temperature and water vapor distributions that closely match those of an ideal system, given the limit set by the natural variability of the atmosphere. This paper presents the ARI sensor's overall design, the new technologies developed to allow on-orbit verification and test of its accuracy, and the laboratory results that demonstrate its capability. In addition, we describe the techniques and uncertainty estimates for transferring ARI accuracy to operational sounders, providing economical global coverage. Societal challenges posed by climate change suggest that a Pathfinder ARI should be deployed as soon as possible.

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Modeling the night-sky radiances and inversion of multi-angle and multi-spectral radiance data

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer ◽

10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.12.002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Miroslav Kocifaj

Keyword(s):

Spectral Radiance ◽

Night Sky ◽

Radiance Data ◽

And Inversion

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Simple empirical method for estimating lava-effusion rate using nighttime Himawari-8 1.6-µm infrared images

Earth Planets and Space ◽

10.1186/s40623-021-01372-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Takayuki Kaneko ◽

Atsushi Yasuda ◽

Toshitsugu Fujii

Keyword(s):

Lava Flow ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Spectral Radiance ◽

Effusion Rate ◽

Actual Distribution ◽

High Positive Correlation ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Lava Effusion ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe effusion rate of lava is one of the most important eruption parameters, as it is closely related to the migration process of magma underground and on the surface, such as changes in lava flow direction or formation of new effusing vents. Establishment of a continuous and rapid estimation method has been an issue in volcano research as well as disaster prevention planning. For effusive eruptions of low-viscosity lava, we examined the relationship between the nighttime spectral radiance in the 1.6-µm band of the Himawari-8 satellite (R1.6Mx: the pixel value showing the maximum radiance in the heat source area) and the effusion rate using data from the 2017 Nishinoshima activity. Our analysis confirmed that there was a high positive correlation between these two parameters. Based on the linear-regression equation obtained here (Y = 0.47X, where Y is an effusion rate of 106 m3 day−1 and X is an R1.6Mx of 106 W m−2 sr−1 m−1), we can estimate the lava-effusion rate from the observation data of Himawari-8 via a simple calculation. Data from the 2015 Raung activity—an effusive eruption of low-viscosity lava—were arranged along the extension of this regression line, which suggests that the relationship is applicable up to a level of ~ 2 × 106 m3 day−1. We applied this method to the December 2019 Nishinoshima activity and obtained an effusion rate of 0.50 × 106 m3 day−1 for the initial stage. We also calculated the effusion rate for the same period based on a topographic method, and verified that the obtained value, 0.48 × 106 m3 day−1, agreed with the estimation using the Himawari-8 data. Further, for Nishinoshima, we simulated the extent of hazard areas from the initial lava flow and compared cases using the effusion rate obtained here and the value corresponding to the average effusion rate for the 2013–2015 eruptions. The former distribution was close to the actual distribution, while the latter was much smaller. By combining this effusion-rate estimation method with real-time observations by Himawari-8 and lava-flow simulation software, we can build a rapid and precise prediction system for volcano hazard areas.

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Influence of local surface albedo variability and ice crystal shape on passive remote sensing of thin cirrus

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-14-1943-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1943-1958 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

C. Fricke ◽

A. Ehrlich ◽

E. Jäkel ◽

B. Bohn ◽

M. Wirth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Thickness ◽

Surface Albedo ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Effective Radius ◽

High Spectral Resolution ◽

Spectral Radiance ◽

Crystal Shape ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Airborne Measurements ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Abstract. Airborne measurements of solar spectral radiance reflected by cirrus are performed with the HALO-Solar Radiation (HALO-SR) instrument onboard the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) in November 2010. The data are used to quantify the influence of surface albedo variability on the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness and crystal effective radius. The applied retrieval of cirrus optical properties is based on a standard two-wavelength approach utilizing measured and simulated reflected radiance in the visible and near-infrared spectral region. Frequency distributions of the surface albedos from Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observations are used to compile surface-albedo-dependent lookup tables of reflected radiance. For each assumed surface albedo the cirrus optical thickness and effective crystal radius are retrieved as a function of the assumed surface albedo. The results for the cirrus optical thickness are compared to measurements from the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The uncertainty in cirrus optical thickness due to local variability of surface albedo in the specific case study investigated here is below 0.1 and thus less than that caused by the measurement uncertainty of both instruments. It is concluded that for the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness the surface albedo variability is negligible. However, for the retrieval of crystal effective radius, the surface albedo variability is of major importance, introducing uncertainties up to 50%. Furthermore, the influence of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) on the retrieval of crystal effective radius was investigated and quantified with uncertainties below 10%, which ranges below the uncertainty caused by the surface albedo variability. The comparison with the independent lidar data allowed for investigation of the role of the crystal shape in the retrieval. It is found that if assuming aggregate ice crystals, the HSRL observations fit best with the retrieved optical thickness from HALO-SR.

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