Evaluating the impact of various medication safety risk reduction strategies on medication errors in an Australian Health Service

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1515-1520
Author(s):  
Viviane Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Medication Errors ◽  
Medication Safety ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Australian Health ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Global disasters and risk reduction strategies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Murray ◽  
Amina Aitsi-Selmi ◽  
Alex G. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

As the global population increase, the effects of disasters also increase. However, through improved building codes and other disaster risk reduction interventions, the number of deaths appears to be reducing. International frameworks for reduction and response are being built and an audit of the NHS demonstrated the advantages of an integrated health service. Fact sheets, produced internationally with UK involvement, on several aspects of disaster risk reduction have started to increase awareness of the wide variety of needs, although mental health issues need further research. Not all global disasters with far-reaching consequences are catastrophic in nature. The circumstances of congenital rubella and iodine deficiency show the strengths of international collaboration and the need for high-quality science. This chapter explains disaster risk reduction and sets it in its international perspective, with examples of wide-ranging agreements and frameworks, and their application to the wider UK health service.

scholarly journals Governance of disaster risk reduction in Cameroon: The need to empower local government

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry N. Bang
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Impact

The impact of natural hazards and/or disasters in Cameroon continues to hit local communities hardest, but local government lacks the ability to manage disaster risks adequately. This is partly due to the fact that the necessity to mainstream disaster risk reduction into local governance and development practices is not yet an underlying principle of Cameroon’s disaster management framework. Using empirical and secondary data, this paper analyses the governance of disaster risks in Cameroon with particular focus on the challenges local government faces in implementing disaster risk reduction strategies. The hypothesis is that the governance of disaster risks is too centralised at the national level, with huge implications for the effective governance of disaster risks at the local level. Although Cameroon has reinvigorated efforts to address growing disaster risks in a proactive way, it is argued that the practical actions are more reactive than proactive in nature. The overall aim is to explore the challenges and opportunities that local government has in the governance of disaster risks. Based on the findings from this research, policy recommendations are suggested on ways to mainstream disaster risk reduction strategies into local governance, and advance understanding and practice in the local governance of disaster risks in the country.

scholarly journals Occupational risks of COVID-19 in NHS workers in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA van der Plaat ◽  
I Madan ◽  
D Coggon ◽  
M van Tongeren ◽  
R Edge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Health Service ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Clinical Services ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify occupational risks of Covid-19 among healthcare staff during the first wave of the pandemic in EnglandMethodsUsing pseudonymised data on 902,813 individuals continuously employed by 191 National Health Service trusts during 1.1.19 to 31.7.20, we explored demographic and occupational risk factors for sickness absence ascribed to Covid-19 during 9.3.20 to 31.7.20 (n = 92,880). We estimated odds ratios (ORs) by multivariate logistic regression.ResultsWith adjustment for employing trust, demographic characteristics, and previous frequency of sickness absence, risk relative to administrative/clerical occupations was highest in additional clinical services (a group that included care assistants) (OR 2.31), registered nursing and midwifery professionals (OR 2.28) and allied health professionals (OR 1.94), and intermediate in doctors and dentists (OR 1.55). Differences in risk were higher after the employing trust had started to care for documented Covid-19 patients, and were reduced, but not eliminated, following additional adjustment for exposure to infected patients or materials, assessed by a job-exposure matrix. For prolonged Covid-19 sickness absence (episodes lasting >14 days), the variation in risk by staff group was somewhat greater.ConclusionsAfter allowance for possible bias and confounding by non-occupational exposures, we estimated that relative risks for Covid-19 among most patient-facing occupations were between 1.5 and 2.5. The highest risks were in those working in additional clinical services, nursing and midwifery and in allied health professions. Better protective measures for these staff groups should be a priority. Covid-19 may meet criteria for compensation as an occupational disease in some healthcare occupations.Key messagesWhat is already known about this subject?Healthcare workers and other keyworkers (workers whose job was considered essential to societal functioning) had a higher likelihood of testing positive for COVID-19 than other workers during the first lockdown in England. Amongst healthcare workers, those working in inpatient settings had the highest rate of infection.What are the new findings?Between March and July 2000, the overall risk of COVID-19 sickness absence in National Health Service staff in England was lower at older ages, higher in non-white staff, and (in comparison with administrative and clerical staff) more than doubled in registered nurses and among workers such as healthcare assistants providing support to health professionals. Risk in health care scientists was little different from that in administrative and clerical occupationsHow might this impact on policy or clinical practice in the foreseeable future?Our results suggest that the risk reduction strategies that were in place for healthcare scientists were effective. However, the protection for nursing and supporting health professionals was insufficient. In the event of a further ‘wave’ of infections resulting in high hospital admissions, attention should be paid to ensuring that risk reduction strategies for nurses and supporting health professionals are improved.

Impact of test-and-treat and risk reduction strategies on HCV transmission among MSM living with HIV in France: a modelling approach

Gut ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. gutjnl-2020-321744
Author(s):  
Mathieu Castry ◽  
Anthony Cousien ◽  
Virginie Supervie ◽  
Annie Velter ◽  
Jade Ghosn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Test And Treat ◽  
Deterministic Dynamic ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Hcv Transmission ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
French Hospital Database ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveSince the early 2000s, there has been an epidemic of HCV occurring among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV, mainly associated with high-risk sexual and drug-related behaviours. Early HCV diagnosis and treatment, and behavioural risk-reduction, may be effective to eliminate HCV among MSM living with HIV.DesignWe developed a deterministic dynamic compartmental model to simulate the impact of test-and-treat and risk-reduction strategies on HCV epidemic (particularly on incidence and prevalence) among MSM living with HIV in France. We accounted for HIV and HCV cascades of care, HCV natural history and heterogeneity in HCV risk behaviours. The model was calibrated to primary HCV incidence observed between 2014 and 2017 among MSM living with HIV in care (ANRS CO4-French hospital database on HIV (FHDH)).ResultsWith current French practices (annual HCV screening and immediate treatment), total HCV incidence would fall by 70%, from 0.82/100 person-years in 2015 to 0.24/100 person-years in 2030. It would decrease to 0.19/100 person-years in 2030 with more frequent screening and to 0.19 (0.12)/100 person-years in 2030 with a 20% (50%) risk-reduction. When combining screening every 3 months with a 50% risk-reduction, HCV incidence would be 0.11/100 person-years in 2030, allowing to get close to the WHO target (90% reduction from 2015 to 2030). Similarly, HCV prevalence would decrease from 2.79% in 2015 to 0.48% in 2030 (vs 0.71% with current practices).ConclusionCombining test-and-treat and risk-reduction strategies could have a marked impact on the HCV epidemic, paving the way to HCV elimination among MSM living with HIV.

scholarly journals Young Aboriginal people's sexual health risk reduction strategies: a qualitative study in remote Australia

Sexual Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Stephen Bell ◽  
James Ward ◽  
Peter Aggleton ◽  
Walbira Murray ◽  
Bronwyn Silver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Condom Distribution ◽  
Sti Testing ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Health Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Background Surveillance data indicate that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are more likely than their non-Indigenous counterparts to experience sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and teenage pregnancy. Despite increasing emphasis on the need for strengths-based approaches to Aboriginal sexual health, limited published data document how young Aboriginal people reduce sexual health risks encountered in their everyday lives. Methods: In-depth interviews with 35 young Aboriginal women and men aged 16–21 years in two remote Australian settings were conducted; inductive thematic analysis examining sexual health risk reduction practices was also conducted. Results: Participants reported individual and collective STI and pregnancy risk reduction strategies. Individual practices included accessing and carrying condoms; having a regular casual sexual partner; being in a long-term trusting relationship; using long-acting reversible contraception; having fewer sexual partners; abstaining from sex; accessing STI testing. More collective strategies included: refusing sex without a condom; accompanied health clinic visits with a trusted individual; encouraging friends to use condoms and go for STI testing; providing friends with condoms. Conclusion: Findings broaden understanding of young Aboriginal people’s sexual health risk reduction strategies in remote Aboriginal communities. Findings signal the need for multisectoral STI prevention and sexual health programs driven by young people’s existing harm minimisation strategies and cultural models of collective support. Specific strategies to enhance young people’s sexual health include: peer condom distribution; accompanied health service visits; peer-led health promotion; continued community-based condom distribution; enhanced access to a fuller range of available contraception in primary care settings; engaging health service-experienced young people as ‘youth health workers’.

scholarly journals A practical approach to assess depression risk and to guide risk reduction strategies in later life

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo P. Almeida ◽  
Helman Alfonso ◽  
Jane Pirkis ◽  
Ngaire Kerse ◽  
Moira Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Depression Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackground:Many factors have been associated with the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms in later life, although this knowledge is yet to be translated into significant health gains for the population. This study gathered information about common modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for depression with the aim of developing a practical probabilistic model of depression that can be used to guide risk reduction strategies.Methods:A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 20,677 community-dwelling Australians aged 60 years or over in contact with their general practitioner during the preceding 12 months. Prevalent depression (minor or major) according to the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) assessment was the main outcome of interest. Other measured exposures included self-reported age, gender, education, loss of mother or father before age 15 years, physical or sexual abuse before age 15 years, marital status, financial stress, social support, smoking and alcohol use, physical activity, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and prevalent cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases and cancer.Results:The mean age of participants was 71.7 ± 7.6 years and 57.9% were women. Depression was present in 1665 (8.0%) of our subjects. Multivariate logistic regression showed depression was independently associated with age older than 75 years, childhood adverse experiences, adverse lifestyle practices (smoking, risk alcohol use, physical inactivity), intermediate health hazards (obesity, diabetes and hypertension), comorbid medical conditions (clinical history of coronary heart disease, stroke, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or cancers), and social or financial strain. We stratified the exposures to build a matrix that showed that the probability of depression increased progressively with the accumulation of risk factors, from less than 3% for those with no adverse factors to more than 80% for people reporting the maximum number of risk factors.Conclusions:Our probabilistic matrix can be used to estimate depression risk and to guide the introduction of risk reduction strategies. Future studies should now aim to clarify whether interventions designed to mitigate the impact of risk factors can change the prevalence and incidence of depression in later life.

scholarly journals Controlling risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers of enclosed food manufacturing facilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Silva Sobolik ◽  
Elizabeth Sajewski ◽  
Lee-Ann Jaykus ◽  
D. Kane Cooper ◽  
Ben A. Lopman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Food Manufacturing ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
The Impact

The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic poses significant health risks to workers who are essential to maintaining the food supply chain. Using a quantitative risk assessment model, this study characterized the impact of risk reduction strategies for controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission (droplet, aerosol, fomite-mediated) among front-line workers in a representative enclosed food manufacturing facility. We simulated: 1) individual and cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection risks from close contact (droplet and aerosols at 1-3m), aerosol, and fomite-mediated exposures to a susceptible worker following exposure to an infected worker during an 8h-shift; and 2) the relative reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk attributed to infection control interventions (physical distancing, mask use, ventilation, surface disinfection, hand hygiene). Without mitigation measures, the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk was largest for close contact (droplet and aerosol) at 1m (0.96, 95%CI: 0.67-1.0). In comparison, risk associated with fomite (0.26, 95%CI: 0.10-0.56) or aerosol exposure alone (0.05, 95%CI: 0.01-0.13) at 1m distance was substantially lower (73-95%). At 1m, droplet transmission predominated over aerosol and fomite-mediated transmission, however, this changed by 3m, with aerosols comprising the majority of the exposure dose. Increasing physical distancing reduced risk by 84% (1 to 2m) and 91% (1 to 3m). Universal mask use reduced infection risk by 52-88%, depending on mask type. Increasing ventilation (from 0.1 to 2-8 air changes/hour) resulted in risk reductions of 14-54% (1m) and 55-85% (2m). Combining these strategies, together with handwashing and surface disinfection, resulted in <1% infection risk. Current industry SARS-CoV-2 risk reduction strategies, particularly when bundled, provide significant protection to essential food workers.

scholarly journals Predicting Food-Safety Risk and Determining Cost-Effective Risk-Reduction Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
William E. Nganje ◽  
Linda D. Burbidge ◽  
Elisha K. Denkyirah ◽  
Elvis M. Ndembe
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Food Safety Risk

Food safety is a major risk for agribusiness firms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 5000 people die annually, and 36,000 people are hospitalized as a result of foodborne outbreaks in the United States. Globally, the death estimate is about 42,000 people per year. A single outbreak could cost a particular segment of the food industry hundreds of millions of dollars due to recalls and liability; these instances might amount to billions of dollars annually. Despite U.S. advancements and regulations, such as pathogen reduction/hazard analysis critical control points (PR/HACCP) in 1996 and the Food Modernization Act in 2010, to reduce food-safety risk, retail meat facilities continue to experience recalls and major outbreaks. We developed a stochastic-optimization framework and used stochastic-dominance methods to evaluate the effectiveness for three strategies that are used by retail meat facilities. Copula value-at-risk (CVaR) was utilized to predict the magnitude of the risk exposure associated with alternative, cost-effective risk-reduction strategies. The results showed that optimal retail-intervention strategies vary by meat and pathogen types, and that having a single Salmonella performance standard for PR/HACCP could be inefficient for reducing other pathogens and food-safety risks.

scholarly journals 1287. Seizing Opportunities for Intervention: Changing HIV Knowledge Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Attending Trusted Community Centers in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S393-S393
Author(s):  
Milissa Jones ◽  
Habib Omari ◽  
Sylvia Adebajo ◽  
Charlotte Gaydos ◽  
Afoke Kokogho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hiv Knowledge ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Senior Secondary ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Knowledge of HIV risk factors and risk reduction strategies is essential for HIV prevention in key populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). We described factors associated with HIV-related knowledge and evaluated the impact of counseling and care at trusted community health centers serving Nigerian MSM and TGW. Methods The TRUST/RV368 cohort recruits MSM and TGW via respondent driven sampling in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Participants undergo a structured interview with five knowledge-testing questions at enrollment and after 9 and 15 months. Routine HIV/STI screening, free condoms/lubricants, and counseling about safer sex practice is provided. Multivariable Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations was used to calculate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with answering more knowledge questions correctly. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare the proportion of participants answering each question correctly at enrollment and subsequent visits. Results From March 2013 to December 2017, 2,090 biological males were enrolled with median age 23 [interquartile range 20–27] years, including 234 (11.2%) with female gender identity. Of 1691 participants with known HIV status, 836 (49.4%) were positive. The mean number of HIV knowledge questions correctly answered was 2.37, 2.98, and 3.09 at enrollment, 9, and 15 months, respectively. Participants demonstrated increased HIV knowledge after 9 (RR 1.15 [95% CI 1.03–1.28]) and 15 months (1.18 [1.05–1.32]). Factors associated with increased knowledge included HIV positivity (1.17 [1.11–1.23]), higher than senior secondary education when compared with less than senior secondary (1.24 [1.12–1.37]), and almost daily internet use when compared with never (1.17 [1.08–1.27]). Knowledge gains were driven primarily by improved understanding of condom and lubricant use (figure). Conclusion While HIV knowledge improved during enrollment in the cohort, it remained suboptimal. Multiple modalities may be needed to fully inform Nigerian MSM and TGW of risk reduction strategies. Interventions that involve internet access to deliver educational materials may be a useful adjunct to direct counseling at healthcare centers. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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