“Late-onset” ADHD symptoms in young adulthood: Is this ADHD?

Objective: We investigated whether “late-onset” ADHD that emerges in adolescence/adulthood is similar in risk factor profile to: (1) child-onset ADHD, but emerges later because of scaffolding/compensation from childhood resources; and (2) depression, because it typically onsets in adolescence/adulthood and shows symptom and genetic overlaps with ADHD. Methods: We examined associations between late-onset ADHD and ADHD risk factors, cognitive tasks, childhood resources and depression risk factors in a population-based cohort followed-up to age 25 years ( N=4224–9764). Results: Parent-rated late-onset ADHD was like child-onset persistent ADHD in associations with ADHD polygenic risk scores and cognitive task performance, although self-rated late-onset ADHD was not. Late-onset ADHD was associated with higher levels of childhood resources than child-onset ADHD and did not show strong evidence of association with depression risk factors. Conclusions: Late-onset ADHD shares characteristics with child-onset ADHD when parent-rated, but differences for self-reports require investigation. Childhood resources may delay the onset of ADHD.

Dispositional optimism and depression risk in older women in the Nurses´ Health Study: a prospective cohort study

Dispositional optimism is a potentially modifiable factor and has been associated with multiple physical health outcomes, but its relationship with depression, especially later in life, remains unclear. In the Nurses´ Health Study (n = 33,483), we examined associations between dispositional optimism and depression risk in women aged 57–85 (mean = 69.9, SD = 6.8), with 4,051 cases of incident depression and 10 years of follow-up (2004–2014). We defined depression as either having a physician/clinician-diagnosed depression, or regularly using antidepressants, or the presence of severe depressive symptoms using validated self-reported scales. Age- and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) across optimism quartiles and for a 1-standard deviation (SD) increment of the optimism score. In sensitivity analyses we explored more restrictive definitions of depression, potential mediators, and moderators. In multivariable-adjusted models, women with greater optimism (top vs. bottom quartile) had a 27% (95%CI = 19–34%) lower risk of depression. Every 1-SD increase in the optimism score was associated with a 15% (95%CI = 12–18%) lower depression risk. When applying a more restrictive definition for clinical depression, the association was considerably attenuated (every 1-SD increase in the optimism score was associated with a 6% (95%CI = 2–10%-) lower depression risk. Stratified analyses by baseline depressive symptoms, age, race, and birth region revealed comparable estimates, while mediators (emotional support, social network size, healthy lifestyle), when combined, explained approximately 10% of the optimism-depression association. As social and behavioral factors only explained a small proportion of the association, future research should investigate other potential pathways, such as coping strategies, that may relate optimism to depression risk.

Depression Risk Factors for Knowledge Workers in the Post-Capitalist Society of Taiwan

This study aimed to examine the depression risk factors for knowledge workers aged 20–64 in the post-capitalist society of Taiwan. Interview data from 2014 and 2019 were adopted for quantitative analysis of the depression risk by demographic and individual characteristics. The results showed that the depression risks of knowledge workers were not affected by demographic variables in a single period. From 2014 to 2019, the prevalence of high depression risk in knowledge workers aged 20–64 years increased over time. The more attention is paid to gender equality in society, the less the change in the gender depression index gap may be seen. Positive psychological state and family relationships are both depression risk factors and depression protective factors. Being male, married, religious, and aged 45–49 years old were found to be critical risk factors. Variables of individual characteristics could effectively predict depression risk.

The relationship between lifestyle risk factors and depression in Korean older adults: a moderating effect of gender

Background Little is known regarding the role of gender as a possible modulator in determining the associations between lifestyle risk factors and depression in older adults. Objectives This study examined whether gender modulates the relationship between depression and lifestyle risk factors in Korean adults aged 65 years and older (n = 3700). Methods Data were obtained from the 2016 and 2018 Korea National Health and Examination Survey. The primary outcome was depression, assessed with the patient health questionnaire-9. As exposures, smoking habits, at-risk alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. In addition, mean adequacy ratio (MAR) as an indicator of overall nutritional inadequacy was assessed with dietary intakes of macro- and micronutrients. Results In men only, either two or three and more risk factors were significantly associated with higher depression risk (OR (95% confidence interval, CI) = 2.886 (1.003–8.299) and OR (95% CI) = 3.109 (1.064–9.097), respectively). In women only, either two or three and more risk factors were also significantly associated with higher depression risk (OR (95% CI) = 1.505 (1.067–2.124) and OR (95% CI) = 2.828 (1.527–5.239), respectively). In particular, the presence of smoking habits and MAR were the major determinants of depression (OR (95% CI) = 1.835 (1.09–3.10) and OR (95% CI) = 1.585 (1.125–2.233), respectively) in women only. Finally, a moderation analysis with the Hayes PROCESS Macro showed a significant moderating effect of gender (β (95% CI) = 0.633 (0.206 ~ 1.060)) on the relationship between risk factors and depression. In addition, the slope of the relationship was much steeper in women than in men. Conclusion Current findings suggest that lifestyle risk factors are more closely associated with depression risk in women than in men.

Pathways to Employee Outcomes in a Workplace Health Promotion Program

Purpose This study examined the relationship between employee outcomes and employer implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) for chronic disease prevention. Design Cross-sectional samples collected at 3 time points in a cluster-randomized, controlled trial of a workplace health promotion program to promote 12 EBIs. Setting King County, WA. Sample Employees of 63 small, low-wage workplaces. Measures Employer EBI implementation; 3 types of employee outcomes: perceived implementation of EBIs; perceived employer support for health; and health-related behaviors, perceived stress, depression risk, and presenteeism. Analysis Intent-to-treat and correlation analyses using generalized estimating equations. We tested bivariate associations along potential paths from EBI implementation, through perceived EBI implementation and perceived support for health, to several employee health-related outcomes. Results The intent-to-treat analysis found similar employee health-related behaviors in intervention and control workplaces at 15 and 24 months. Workplaces implemented varying combinations of EBIs, however, and bivariate associations were significant for 4 of the 6 indicators of physical activity and healthy eating, as well as perceived stress, depression risk, and presenteeism. We did not find significant positive associations for cancer screening and tobacco cessation. Conclusion Our findings support broader dissemination of EBIs for physical activity and healthy eating, as well as more focus on improving employer support for employee health. They also suggest we need better interventions for cancer screening and tobacco cessation.

Predictors of Antenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples

Pregnant women and their partners are at an increased risk of antenatal depression. Therefore, this cross-sectional study of data from 116 couples investigated predictors of maternal and paternal antenatal depression using sociodemographic data, women’s risk factors for depression during the antenatal period, women’s perceived stress, and antenatal depression in the other partner. Pregnant women had higher depression scores (7.4 ± 4.7) and a higher frequency of being at high risk for depression (25.9%) than their spouses (4.6 ± 3.5, 9.5%). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the statistically significant predictors of antenatal depression in pregnant women were perceived stress (β = .45, p < .001) and antenatal depression risk factors (β = .30, p = .002) and in spouses, women’s antenatal depression risk factors (β = .29, p = .013). The present findings suggest that nurses should intervene to mitigate the risk of maternal antenatal depression and perceived stress to prevent depression in pregnant couples.

Post-traumatic Stress Risk among COVID-19 Survivors in Colombia

The study’s objective was to establish the prevalence and variables associated with post-traumatic stress disorder risk (PTSD-R) in a sample of COVID-19 survivors in Santa Marta, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed with a non-probabilistic sample of adult COVID-19 survivors. Participants were demographically characterized and completed scales for depression risk, insomnia risk, and PTSD-R. Three hundred and thirty COVID-19 survivors between 18 and 89 years participated; 61.52% were women. The frequency of depression risk was 49.70%; insomnia risk, 60.61%; and PTSD-R, 13.33%. Depression risk (OR = 41.43, 95% CI 5.54 – 311.63), insomnia risk (OR = 5.25, 95% CI 1.77 – 18.71), low income (OR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.38 – 8.67) and being married or free union (OR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.13 – 6.22) were associated with PTSD-R. In conclusion, two out of every fifteen COVID-19 survivors are in PTSD-R. Depression and insomnia risk are strongly associated with PTSD-R in COVID-19 survivors.

COVID-19 Outbreaks and Control Measures Are Associated With Depression Risk Among Older Adults

Local COVID-19 outbreaks and infection control measures may affect mental health in older persons. This study aims to investigate the effects of COVID-19 outbreaks and control measures on depression risk in community-dwelling older adults in Hong Kong. With rolling cross-sectional design, telephone screenings for depressive risk were conducted among 8163 older people using Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) from February to September 2020. COVID-19 outbreaks across thirty weeks were measured using real-time effective reproductive number (Rt), infected new cases, and change of infected new cases by week. Infection control measures were assessed using four policy indices, including government response, government stringency, containment and health, and economic support. Linear regressions were used to test the associations of depression risk with COVID-19 outbreaks and control measures. We found that being female and higher Rt were associated with higher depression risk in the overall sample. In older adults without pre-existing mental health issues, higher depression risk were related to older age (t=-1.974, 95%CI[-0.006, 0.000], p&lt;0.05), a higher level of government stringency (t=2.954, 95%CI[0.007, 0.033], p&lt;0.01), and less stringent containment and health-related policy (t=-2.599, 95%CI[-0.041, -0.006], p&lt;0.01). In older adults with pre-existing mental health issues, greater changes in newly infected cases were related to higher depression risk (t=2.813, 95%CI[0.002, 0.010], p&lt;0.01). In conclusion, the effects of COVID-19 infection risk and control measures on depression risk differ among older Chinese by pre-existing mental health issues. Future public health communication could build on resilience to balance awareness of infection risks and mental health risks in older persons.