scholarly journals Quantification of different microplastic fibres discharged from textiles in machine wash and tumble drying

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niina Kärkkäinen ◽  
Markus Sillanpää
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Sequential Machine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Textile Fibres ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
Fibre Number

AbstractMicroplastic fibres released in synthetic cloth washing have been shown to be a source of microplastics into the environment. The annual emission of polyester fibres from household washing machines has earlier been estimated to be 150,000 kg in a country with a population of 5.5 × 106 (Finland). The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the emissions of synthetic textile fibres discharged from five sequential machine washes (fibre number and length) and tumble dryings (fibre mass) and (2) to determine the collection efficiency of two commercial fibre traps. The synthetic fabrics were five types of polyester textiles, one polyamide and one polyacryl. The number of fibres released from the test fabrics in the first wash varied in the range from 1.0 × 105 to 6.3 × 106 kg−1. The fibre lengths showed that the fleece fabrics released, on average, longer fibres than the technical sports t-shirts. The mass of fibres ranged from 10 to 1700 mg/kg w/w in the first drying. Fibre emissions showed a decreasing trend both in sequential washes and dryings. The ratio of the fibre emissions in machine wash to tumble drying varied between the fabrics: the ratio was larger than one to polyester and polyamide technical t-shirts whereas it was much lower to the other tested textiles. GuppyFriend washing bag and Cora Ball trapped 39% and 10% of the polyester fibres discharged in washings, respectively.

The Impact of Government Subsidies and Retailer Contracts on Product Recovery

2021 ◽  
pp. 2040023
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Chien-Chiang Lee ◽  
Yongqi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Product Recovery ◽  
The Other ◽  
Collection Rate ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Conducting product recovery and remanufacturing not only help manufacturers decrease the unit cost of production, but also benefit the environment. However, most manufacturers are hampered by the huge initial investment of related operations. In order to alleviate the manufacturers’ financial pressure of product recovery and remanufacturing, some governments implement the production subsidy (subsidy [Formula: see text]) and recycling subsidy (subsidy [Formula: see text]). Meanwhile, retailers can provide the revenue-sharing contract (contract [Formula: see text]) and cost-sharing contract (contract [Formula: see text]). Hence, this paper mainly studies the incentive designs of the government and retailer, and the effects of these incentives on the closed-loop supply chain. We first establish a Stackelberg game model consisting of a government, a manufacturer and a retailer, then investigate and compare the optimal decisions and payoffs of each member under each incentive combination of the government and retailer. Our results first show that, on the other hand, the government’s subsidy type cannot affect the retailer’s design of contract [Formula: see text], but subsidy [Formula: see text] can induce the retailer to share a higher rate of sale revenue, comparing to subsidy [Formula: see text]. On the other hand, the retailer’s contract [Formula: see text] could induce the government to increase subsidy rate in most cases, comparing to contract [Formula: see text]. Second, the subsidy [Formula: see text] can always lead to a higher collection rate, lower wholesale and retail prices, and higher payoffs for the government, manufacturer and retailer, comparing to subsidy [Formula: see text]. Besides, under subsidy [Formula: see text], contract [Formula: see text] always leads to a higher collection rate, lower wholesale and retail prices, and higher payoffs for the government, manufacturer and retailer, comparing to contract [Formula: see text]. However, under subsidy [Formula: see text], contract [Formula: see text] can lead to a higher collection rate, a lower wholesale price, and higher payoffs for the manufacturer and retailer, comparing to contract [Formula: see text] only when the manufacturer’s recovery efficiency is high. Moreover, the retail price is always higher and the government payoffs is always lower under contract [Formula: see text]. Third, the government prefers to implement the subsidy [Formula: see text] and then which contract is chosen by the retailer depends on the collection efficiency of the manufacturer. Therefore, subsidy [Formula: see text] combining with contract [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] is the equilibrium incentive combination.

scholarly journals The population of coloured textile fibres in domestic washing machines

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Watt ◽  
Claude Roux ◽  
James Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Textile Fibres ◽  
Washing Machines

Prediction of the Effect of Dimension, Particle Density, Temperature, and Inlet Velocity on Cyclone Collection Efficiency

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolius Gimbun ◽  
Thomas S. Y. Choong ◽  
A Fakhru’l–Razi ◽  
T. G. Chuah
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Cyclone Separator ◽  
Inlet Velocity ◽  
Better Than

Kecekapan pengumpulan pemisah siklon bergantung kepada beberapa faktor seperti dimensinya, ketumpatan partikel dan suhu beroperasi. Sifat fizikal bendalir seperti ketumpatan dan kelikatan bendalir serta parameter operasi misalnya halaju masukan bendalir juga mempengeruhi kecekapan siklon. Artikel ini membandingkan ketepatan ramalan oleh empat model siklon iaitu Lapple[2], Koch dan Licht[3], Li dan Wang[4], dan Iozia dan Leith[5]. Kesemua ramalan terbukti memuaskan jika dibandingkan dengan data eksperimen yang sedia ada. Model Li dan Wang[4] menghasilkan ramalan yang lebih tepat berbanding tiga model lain dengan penyisihan hanya 3% daripada data eksperimen. Oleh yang demikian, model tersebut sesuai digunakan untuk menilai kecekapan silikon. Kecekapan silikon meningkat dengan berkurangnya diameter siklon, suhu beroperasi dan lebar masukan siklon. Sebaliknya, kecekapan siklon di dapati meningkat secara berkadar terus dengan peningkatan halaju masukan dan ketumpatan partikel. Kata kunci: Kecekapan siklon, dimensi, halaju masukan, suhu The collection efficiency of a cyclone separator depends on several factors including design parameters, such as dimensions of the cyclone separator, particle density, and operating temperature. The physical properties of fluid, namely the density and viscosity, and operating parameters such as the inlet velocity of the fluid into the cyclone and the outlet conditions also affect the cyclone efficiency. This paper compares the prediction accuracy of four cyclone collection models, namely Lapple[2], Koch and Licht[3], Li and Wang[4], and Iozia and Leith[5]. All the predictions proved to be satisfactory when compared with the presented experimental data. The Li and Wang model[4], predicts the cyclone collection efficiency much better than the other three models with a deviation of only 3% from the experimental data and therefore, it could be used in the evaluation of cyclone efficiency. The cyclone efficiency increases with decreasing cyclone body diameter, operating temperature, and cyclone inlet width. On the other hand, cyclone effiency increases proportionally with inlet velocity and particle density. Keywords: Cyclone efficiency; dimension; inlet velocity; temperature

Advanced Machines

2030 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rutger van Santen ◽  
Djan Khoe ◽  
Bram Vermeer
Keyword(s):  
Production Line ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Measure ◽  
Vacuum Cleaner ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Metal Workers ◽  
Washing Machines

What looks like a cake tin on wheels is working its way around the room. The robot vacuum cleaner is just as noisy as a normal one, but there’s an important difference: You don’t have to lift a finger to clean your floor. The dirt collects inside the robot’s body, swept up industriously by the rotating brushes and sucked in by the motor. The machine’s sensor flickers over the spot where some bread crumbs just fell, telling it that this is an especially dirty place, which requires an extra sweep for good measure. At the edge of the stairs, the cake tin detects the drop and changes course in the nick of time. Having surveyed the room three times, the robot concludes that its job is done. Everything is clean. No more arguing over who has to vacuum the floor. Let the machine do the work while you sit in a comfortable chair, maybe with another robot for a pet. You can already buy devices like this for a couple of hundred dollars. In fact, much of the Industrial Revolution is about machines working for us. That has dramatically changed productivity and labor. In our households, too, we have a number of machines that do the work for us. Examples are our washing machines and dryers. But for as long as machines have existed, we have dreamed of robots that could take over more tedious chores—metal people who would obey our every order and do our work for us—open the door, boil the potatoes, fix the car. It’s no coincidence that robot derives from the word for “work” in most of the Slavic languages. Robots spark fantasies of large factories full of metal workers lifting boxes, toiling on the production line, and designing new products at their drawing boards. These are some serious toys. They extend our human capacities in much the same way as all the other tools we have developed in the course of our history. Some are already in use in our daily lives, including ones that make independent and crucial decisions without seeking our input.

Performance Characteristics of Electrocyclone With Various Inlet Shapes

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-I. Hong ◽  
Youn J. Kim ◽  
J.-G. Han ◽  
J.-K. Oh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Vortex Finder ◽  
Velocity Changes ◽  
Mass Median Diameter

In this study, the performance characteristics of electro-cyclone with different inlet shapes, such as helical, tangential and involute, were experimentally investigated. The range of particle size has 0.3 to 6 μm and the inlet velocities are 10, 15, 20, and 25 m/s. Particles used in this experiment are JIS Class 11 test powder which have the density of 1.9~2.1 g/cm3 and the mass median diameter of 2.3 μm. An electrocyclone has discharge wire which was inserted in the middle of vortex-finder. The length, diameter and material of discharge wire have 20 mm, 0.6 mm and SUS304, respectively. The discharge wire was applied with a voltage of 10 kV. The collection efficiency is calculated by the particle size distribution of the upstream and downstream using a laser optical particle counter. Pressure drops were measured between two pressure taps which were located at the inlet and outlet ducts of electrocyclone using a micromanometer. For the case of the involute type, due to a minimum turbulence, the retention time of particles becomes long in electrocyclone and particles have more chances to be charged. However, the experimental results show that a helical shape has a better collection effect than the other shapes. And the pressure drop of the involute shape for a given inlet velocity is smaller than the other shapes. The collection efficiency and the pressure drop with various inlet shapes and velocity changes in electrocyclone are graphically depicted.

scholarly journals A New Parameterization of the Accretion of Cloud Water by Graupel and Its Evaluation through Cloud and Precipitation Simulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Gyul Jin ◽  
Hyunho Lee ◽  
Jong-Jin Baik
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Cloud Resolving Model

Abstract A new parameterization of the accretion of cloud water by graupel for use in bulk microphysics schemes is derived by analytically integrating the stochastic collection equation (SCE). In this parameterization, the collection efficiency between graupel particles and cloud droplets is expressed in a functional form using the data obtained from a particle trajectory model by a previous study. The new accretion parameterization is evaluated through box model simulations in comparison with a bin-based direct SCE solver and two previously developed accretion parameterizations that employ the continuous collection equation and a simplified SCE, respectively. Changes in cloud water and graupel mass contents via the accretion process predicted by the new parameterization are closest to those predicted by the direct SCE solver. Furthermore, the new parameterization predicts a decrease in the cloud droplet number concentration that is smaller than the decreases predicted by the other accretion parameterizations, consistent with the direct SCE solver. The new and the other accretion parameterizations are implemented into a cloud-resolving model. Idealized deep convective cloud simulations show that among the accretion parameterizations, the new parameterization predicts the largest rate of accretion by graupel and the smallest rate of accretion by snow, which overall enhances rainfall through the largest rate of melting of graupel. Real-case simulations for a precipitation event over the southern Korean Peninsula show that among the examined accretion parameterizations, the new parameterization simulates precipitation closest to observations. Compared to the other accretion parameterizations, the new parameterization decreases the fractions of light and moderate precipitation amounts and increases the fraction of heavy precipitation amount.

Oil Spill Recovery Methods for Inlets, Rivers, and Canals

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 1253-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kau-Fui Vincent Wong ◽  
Ivo P. Kusijanovic
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Angle Of Attack ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
Spilled Oil ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to design and test a boom arrangement that will have a collection efficiency which is better than that of simple booms. The design arrangement consisted of a ramp at an angle to the water level and of a set of five simple booms, not all with the same skirt-lengths. The variable parameters in the boom geometry tested were the angle of attack of the ramp and the horizontal separation of the ramp from the other booms. Tests were done at two different velocities. There was enough data for the flow velocity of 1.3 ft/s (2.8 knots) to derive correlations between these geometry variables and the oil collection efficiency. From the experiments in the open channel apparatus it was found that this boom arrangement was quite effective, collecting around 98% of the spilled oil when the angle of attack and horizontal separation reached their optimum values. The analysis shows a projected maximum collection efficiency of 99%. The experiments also showed that four simple booms are more than adequate, with the last one having a longer skirt.

scholarly journals EXPLORATION OF DIGITAL HERITAGE STRATEGY BASED ON PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION THEORY

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-M-1-2021 ◽  
pp. 845-849
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Preventive Conservation ◽  
Digital Heritage ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Data Volume

Abstract. The frequent occurrence of heritage disasters highlights the necessity of digital preservation of heritage. There are two technical difficulties in Digitization: one is the high cost, the other is the poor applicability of the achievement. This is because the emphasis is only on data volume and accuracy, but neglecting the demand for conservation in the process of digitalization. Preventive Conservation has become the mainstream of heritage conservation. Based on this theory, this paper takes the digitization of several stone tablets in the Forbidden City as an opportunity to explore the strategy of digitization of heritage. Through the assessment of the values and state of preservation, the key points of digitization are obtained. By comparing the collection efficiency, achievement accuracy, expression characteristics, workload and cost of the various technologies, the authors draw a conclusion.

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

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