Abstract
The aggravating deforestation, industrialization and urbanization are increasingly becoming the principal causes for environmental challenges worldwide. As a result, satellite-based remote sensing helps to explore the environmental challenges spatially and temporally. This investigation analyzed the spatiotemporal discrepancies in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the link with elevation in Amhara region, Ethiopia. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST data (2001–2020) was used. The pixel-based linear regression model was employed to explore the spatiotemporal discrepancies of LST changes pixel-wise. Furthermore, Sen's slope and Mann-Kendall were used for determining the extent of temporal shifts of the areal average LST and evaluating trends in areal average LST values, respectively. Coefficient of Variation (CV) was calculated to examine spatial and temporal discrepancies in seasonal and annual LST for each pixel. The distribution of average seasonal LST spatially ranged from 43.45–16.62℃, 39.89–14.59℃, 50.39-21.102℃ and 43.164–20.39℃ for autumn (September-November), summer (June-August), spring (March-May) and winter (December-February) seasons, respectively. The seasonal LST CV varied from1.096-10.72%, 0.7–11.06%, 1.29–14.76% and 2.19–10.35% for average autumn, summer, spring and winter seasons, respectively. The seasonal spatial LST trend varied from − 0.7 − 0.16, -0.4-0.224, 0.6 − 0.19 and − 0.6 − 0.32 for average autumn, summer, spring and winter seasons, respectively. Besides, the annual spatial LST slope varied from − 0.58 − 0.17. An insignificantly declining trend in LST shown at 0.036℃ yr− 1, 0.041℃ yr− 1, 0.074℃ yr− 1, 0.005℃ yr− 1 in autumn, summer, spring and winter seasons (P < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, the annual variations of mean LST decreased insignificantly at 0.046℃ yr− 1. Generally, the LST is tremendously variable in space and time and negatively correlated with an elevation.
Spatiotemporal Variability Characteristics of Clear-Sky Land Surface Temperature in Urban Areas of Japan Observed by Himawari-8
