Endovascular treatment with Viabahn stent-grafts for arterial injury and bleeding at the visceral arteries: initial and midterm results

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the initial and midterm efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) using Viabahn stent-graft (SG) for arterial injury and bleeding (AIB) at the visceral arteries. Materials and methods Consecutive patients with visceral AIB who underwent EVT using Viabahn between January 2017 and February 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Technical success, clinical success, peripheral organ ischemia, peri-procedural complications, bleeding-related mortality, 30-day mortality, neck length, re-bleeding, endoleaks, and patency of the SGs at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated. Results EVT using Viabahn was performed in 14 patients (mean age: 68.6 years; 12 males) and 15 arteries. The technical and clinical success rates were 100%. The rates of peripheral organ ischemia, peri-procedural complications, bleeding-related mortality, and 30-day mortality were all 0%. The mean neck length was 9.9 mm. No endoleaks or re-bleeding occurred during the follow-up (mean: 732 days). The SG patency was confirmed after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months in 78.6%, 78.6%, 78.6%, and 56.1% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion EVT using Viabahn for AIB at the visceral arteries was safe and effective. SG occlusions without ischemia often occurred after 12 months.

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Emergency endovascular treatment using a Viabahn stent graft for upper and lower extremity arterial bleeding: a retrospective study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-940898/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tatsuo Ueda ◽

Satoru Murata ◽

Hiroyuki Tajima ◽

Hidemasa Saito ◽

Daisuke Yasui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Endovascular Treatment ◽

Stent Graft ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Limb Ischemia ◽

Neck Length ◽

Short Term ◽

Arterial Bleeding ◽

The Mean ◽

Related Mortality

Abstract BackgroundA Viabahn stent graft (SG) is a heparin-coated self-expandable SG for lower extremity arterial disease that exhibits high flexibility and accuracy in the delivery system. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of emergency endovascular treatment (EVT) using a Viabahn SG for upper and lower extremity arterial bleeding (ULEAB).MethodsConsecutive patients with ULEAB who underwent emergency EVT using the Viabahn SG between January 2017 and August 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The indications for EVT, location of artery, technical success, clinical success, limb ischemia, periprocedural complications, bleeding-related mortality, 30-day mortality, diameter of the target artery, diameter of the SG, neck length, re-bleeding, endoleaks, and patency of the SGs at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated.ResultsEVT using Viabahn SG was performed in 22 patients (mean age: 72.0 years; 11 males) and 23 arteries (upper: 6, lower: 17). The indications for EVT were pseudoaneurysm (n=13, 59.1%), extravasation (n=9, 39.1%), and inadvertent arterial cannulation (n=1, 4.3%). The anatomical locations of the 23 ULEAB injuries were the brachiocephalic (1 [4.3%]), subclavian (3 [13.0%]), axillary (1 [4.3%]), brachial (1 [4.3%]), common iliac (4 [17.4%]), external iliac (8 [34.8%]), common femoral (2 [8.7%]), superficial femoral (2 [8.7%]), and popliteal (1 [4.3%]) arteries. The technical and clinical success rates were 100%. The rates of limb ischemia, periprocedural complications, and bleeding-related mortality were 0%, whereas the 30-day mortality rate was 22.7%. The mean diameters of the arteries and SGs were 7.7 and 8.9 mm, respectively. The mean neck length was 20.4 mm. No endoleaks or re-bleeding occurred during the follow-up period (mean: 169 days). Two SG occlusions without limb ischemia occurred in the external iliac artery and brachial artery after 1 and 4 months, respectively. Subsequently, cumulative SG patency was confirmed after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months in 91.7%, 91.7%, 81.5%, and 81.5% of patients, respectively.ConclusionsEmergency EVT using the Viabahn SG for ULEAB was effective and safe according to short-term outcomes. Appropriate size selection and neck length are important for successful treatment. SG patency was good after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.

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Emergency endovascular treatment using a Viabahn stent graft for upper and lower extremity arterial bleeding: a retrospective study

CVIR Endovascular ◽

10.1186/s42155-021-00273-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tatsuo Ueda ◽

Satoru Murata ◽

Hiroyuki Tajima ◽

Hidemasa Saito ◽

Daisuke Yasui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Endovascular Treatment ◽

Stent Graft ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Limb Ischemia ◽

Neck Length ◽

Short Term ◽

Arterial Bleeding ◽

The Mean ◽

Related Mortality

Abstract Background A Viabahn stent graft (SG) is a heparin-coated self-expandable SG for lower extremity arterial disease that exhibits high flexibility and accuracy in the delivery system. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of emergency endovascular treatment (EVT) using a Viabahn SG for upper and lower extremity arterial bleeding (ULEAB). Methods Consecutive patients with ULEAB who underwent emergency EVT using the Viabahn SG between January 2017 and August 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The indications for EVT, location of artery, technical success, clinical success, limb ischemia, periprocedural complications, bleeding-related mortality, 30-day mortality, diameter of the target artery, diameter of the SG, neck length, rebleeding, endoleaks, and patency of the SGs at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated. Results EVT using the Viabahn SG was performed in 22 patients (mean age, 72.0 ± 13.0 years; 11 men) and 23 arteries (upper, 6; lower, 17). The indications for EVT were pseudoaneurysm (n = 13, 59.1%), extravasation (n = 9, 39.1%), and inadvertent arterial cannulation (n = 1, 4.3%). The anatomical locations of the 23 ULEAB injuries were the brachiocephalic (1 [4.3%]), subclavian (3 [13.0%]), axillary (1 [4.3%]), brachial (1 [4.3%]), common iliac (4 [17.4%]), external iliac (8 [34.8%]), common femoral (2 [8.7%]), superficial femoral (2 [8.7%]), and popliteal (1 [4.3%]) arteries. The technical and clinical success rates were 100%. The rates of limb ischemia, periprocedural complications, and bleeding-related mortality were 0%, whereas the 30-day mortality rate was 22.7%. The mean diameters of the arteries and SGs were 7.7 ± 2.2 and 8.9 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. The mean neck length was 20.4 ± 11.3 mm. No endoleaks or rebleeding occurred during the follow-up period (mean, 169 ± 177 days). Two SG occlusions without limb ischemia occurred in the external iliac and brachial arteries after 1 and 4 months, respectively. Subsequently, cumulative SG patency was confirmed after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months in 91.7%, 91.7%, 81.5%, and 81.5% of patients, respectively. Conclusions Emergency EVT using the Viabahn SG for ULEAB was effective and safe according to short-term outcomes. Appropriate size selection and neck length are important for successful treatment. SG patency was good after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.

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One-year outcomes of microhook trabeculotomy versus suture trabeculotomy ab interno

Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology ◽

10.1007/s00417-021-05333-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hiroshi Yokoyama ◽

Masashi Takata ◽

Fumi Gomi

Keyword(s):

Survival Analysis ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Treatment Success ◽

Medication Use ◽

Glaucoma Surgery ◽

Success Rates ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

One Year ◽

Ab Interno

Abstract Purpose To compare clinical success rates and reductions in intraocular pressure (IOP) and IOP-lowering medication use following suture trabeculotomy ab interno (S group) or microhook trabeculotomy (μ group). Methods This retrospective review collected data from S (n = 104, 122 eyes) and μ (n = 42, 47 eyes) groups who underwent treatment between June 1, 2016, and October 31, 2019, and had 12-month follow-up data including IOP, glaucoma medications, complications, and additional IOP-lowering procedures. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate treatment success rates defined as normal IOP (> 5 to ≤ 18 mm Hg), ≥ 20% reduction of IOP from baseline at two consecutive visits, and no further glaucoma surgery. Results Schlemm’s canal opening was longer in the S group than in the μ group (P < 0.0001). The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of all eyes showed cumulative clinical success rates in S and µ groups were 71.1% and 61.7% (P = 0.230). The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of eyes with preoperative IOP ≥ 21 mmHg showed cumulative clinical success rates in S and μ groups were 80.4% and 60.0% (P = 0.0192). There were no significant differences in postoperative IOP at 1, 3, and 6 months (S group, 14.9 ± 5.6, 14.6 ± 4.5, 14.6 ± 3.9 mmHg; μ group, 15.8 ± 5.9, 15.2 ± 4.4, 14.7 ± 3.7 mmHg; P = 0.364, 0.443, 0.823), but postoperative IOP was significantly lower in the S group at 12 months (S group, 14.1 ± 3.1 mmHg; μ group, 15.6 ± 4.1 mmHg; P = 0.0361). There were no significant differences in postoperative numbers of glaucoma medications at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (S group, 1.8 ± 1.6, 1.8 ± 1.5, 2.0 ± 1.6, 1.8 ± 1.5; μ group, 2.0 ± 1.6, 2.0 ± 1.6, 2.1 ± 1.6, 2.2 ± 1.7; P = 0.699, 0.420, 0.737, 0.198). Conclusion S and µ group eyes achieved IOP reduction, but μ group eyes had lower clinical success rates among patients with high preoperative IOP at 12 months.

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Endovascular treatment of PICA aneurysms with a Low-profile Visualized Intraluminal Support (LVIS Jr) device

Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery ◽

10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-012070 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1030-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Edgar A Samaniego ◽

German Abdo ◽

Ricardo A Hanel ◽

Andrey Lima ◽

Santiago Ortega-Gutierrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endovascular Treatment ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ◽

Short Term ◽

Small Series ◽

Low Profile ◽

Procedural Complications ◽

Reconstructive Technique ◽

Pica Aneurysms

ObjectiveTo describe the treatment of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms with the Low-profile Visualized Intraluminal Support Device (LVIS Jr) stent.Materials and methodsThe databases of three institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent endovascular treatment of PICA aneurysms using a reconstructive technique where the LVIS Jr stent was totally or partially deployed into the PICA were included in the analysis. Clinical presentation, aneurysm and PICA sizes, procedural complications, and clinical and angiographic follow-up information was recorded and analyzed.ResultsSeven patients who underwent endovascular treatment of PICA aneurysms with an LVIS Jr stent were identified. Four aneurysms were treated in the acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There were no symptomatic complications. One patient had spasm distal to the stent as a result of mechanical straightening of the vessel. One patient was treated in the acute phase of SAH and required a gycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor after the stent was implanted. This patient needed to be re-treated to complete embolization. All patients had good clinical outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale 5). No in-stent stenosis or occlusion was seen on short-term angiographic follow-up and the aneurysms were occluded.ConclusionsThis small series suggests that the use of a reconstructive technique with the LVIS Jr stent for the treatment of PICA aneurysms is feasible, safe and effective in the short term.

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Rheolytic Thrombectomy Using AngioJet ZelanteDVT Catheter or Solent Omni Catheter for Treatment of Patients with Proximal Vein Thrombosis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1073588/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maofeng Gong ◽

Guanqi Fu ◽

Zhengli Liu ◽

Yangyi Zhou ◽

Jie Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Success ◽

Successful Outcome ◽

Success Rates ◽

Technical Success ◽

Bleeding Events ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Rheolytic Thrombectomy ◽

Deep Vein ◽

Clinical Characteristic

Abstract Purpose The present study aimed to investigate the preliminary safety and efficacy of rheolytic thrombectomy (RT) using AngioJet ZelanteDVT catheter or Solent Omni catheter for acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT).Material and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 40 patients who treated by AngioJet RT divided into ZelanteDVT group (n=17) and Solent group (n=23) from January 2019 to January 2021. Data of demographics, clinical characteristic, technical success, clinical success, complications, and early follow-up were analysed.Results No significant differences regarding demographics were detected (all p >.05). The technical success rates were both 100%. ZelanteDVT group had a shorter duration time of RT and a higher primary RT success than those of Solent group (all p <.05), and percentage of adjunctive CDT was 29.4% in ZelanteDVT group, significantly lower than that was 79.3% in Solent group (p =.010). The successful outcome for ZelanteDVT group and Solent group were 100% (17/17) and 95.7% (22/23), both high in the two groups (p >.05). Except for transient macroscopic hemoglobinuria occurred in all patients at the first 24 hours post-RT, none suffered other procedure-related adverse events or major complications in both groups. Minor complications presented as bleeding events occurred in 21.7% (5/23) patients of Solent group, and one (5.9%) patient in Zelante DVT group (p >.05). At 6-month, the frequency of PTS was 5.9% (1/17) in ZelanteDVT group compared with 17.4% (4/ 23) in Solent group (p >.05).Conclusion Both catheters are safe and effective for the management of patients with proximal DVT, leading to improved clinical outcomes with low complication. Zelante-DVT catheter offered more powerful thrombectomy over Solent catheter, allowing for faster extraction of the DVT with shorter run time and lower adjunctive CDT.

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Periprocedural and Long-Term Outcomes of Stent Implantation for De Novo Subclavian Artery Disease

Vascular and Endovascular Surgery ◽

10.1177/1538574418824444 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 284-291

Author(s):

Hirokazu Onishi ◽

Toru Naganuma ◽

Koji Hozawa ◽

Tomohiko Sato ◽

Hisaaki Ishiguro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subclavian Artery ◽

Stent Implantation ◽

De Novo ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Primary Patency ◽

Success Rates ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

Procedural Success

Introduction: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the periprocedural and long-term outcomes of stent implantation for de novo subclavian artery (SCA) disease. Material and Methods: We retrospectively investigated consecutive patients with de novo SCA lesions undergoing elective endovascular therapy procedures at our center between April 2004 and September 2015. All patients were included in the analyses of periprocedural outcomes, including procedural and clinical success. Subsequently, patients who completed the clinical follow-up and were assessed with brachial systolic pressure differences between the diseased and the contralateral arms, or angiographic stenosis, after stent implantation with procedural success were included in the analyses of long-term outcomes, including primary patency. Results: There were 62 patients (median 71.0 years, interquartile range 65.3-76.0 years; 45 men) with 62 de novo SCA lesions included in the analyses of periprocedural outcomes. There were 46 stenoses (74.2%) and 16 occlusions (25.8%). Our results indicated high procedural success rates for overall (95.2%), stenotic (97.8%), and occlusive (87.5%) lesions. Similarly, high clinical success rates were observed for overall (91.9%), stenotic (93.5%), and occlusive (87.5%) lesions. The median follow-up time was 6.0 years (interquartile range, 2.6-8.3 years). There were 48 patients with 48 de novo SCA lesions included in the analyses of long-term outcomes. Primary patency estimates were 97.7% (1 year), 97.7% (3 years), 93.1% (5 years), and 87.6% (7 years). Also, we observed a high estimate for freedom from reintervention for the target vessel (93.8%). Conclusion: Stent implantation for de novo SCA disease can be performed successfully and safely with favorable periprocedural and long-term outcomes.

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Coil-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration: A Valid Treatment for Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage and Hepatic Encephalopathy

Digestive Disease Interventions ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1618602 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 01 (04) ◽

pp. 302-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew Marsala ◽

Edward Lee

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Portosystemic Shunt ◽

Comparable Efficacy ◽

Variceal Hemorrhage ◽

Success Rates ◽

Small Series ◽

Shunt Occlusion ◽

Gastric Variceal Hemorrhage

AbstractCoil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO) has evolved as a simpler and perhaps safer alternative to balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO). The efficacy of BRTO has been established, and early data supports the use of CARTO in similar situations. In a small series of patients with gastric variceal hemorrhage treated with CARTO, complete portosystemic shunt occlusion, complete variceal obliteration, and no rebleeding during the follow-up period were observed in all patients. In a larger, unpublished study, an improvement in hepatic encephalopathy was observed in over 80% of patients treated with CARTO. In addition, overall liver function was markedly improved in 1 month. As for complications, new or worsened ascites and esophageal varices were observed in 24% and 30%, respectively. Overall, CARTO is an effective treatment of gastric variceal hemorrhage and hepatic encephalopathy with high technical and clinical success rates. Compared with plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (PARTO), CARTO can be used to safely close larger shunts with a comparable efficacy and complication profiles.

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Bone Turnover Markers in Response to Ultrasound-Guided Microwave Ablation for Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.782050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Wenjing Ni ◽

Yue Yuan ◽

Xiaoqiu Chu ◽

Guofang Chen ◽

Xue Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Bone Turnover ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Lesion Volume ◽

Success Rates ◽

Ultrasound Guided ◽

Parathyroid Lesions ◽

Serum Pth ◽

Bone Turnover Biomarkers

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation (MWA) in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), and to investigate whether MWA can improve the bone turnover and renal function.MethodsA total of 20 consecutive PHPT patients with 21 parathyroid lesions treated with MWA in our center from May 2019 to March 2021 were recruited in this study. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and phosphorus levels before MWA and at 20 minutes, 4 hours, 1 day, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after MWA were measured. Bone turnover biomarkers, renal function and lesion volume with volume reduction rate (VRR) before MWA and at the last follow-up were compared. Any complication related with MWA was evaluated. The technical and clinical success rates of MWA in the treatment of PHPT were calculated. Clinical success was defined as normal serum PTH and calcium without PHPT-associated manifestations at more than 6 months after ablation. Technical success was defined as complete ablation indicated by immediate postoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound.ResultsThe serum PTH, calcium and phosphorus levels at their respective follow-up time points dropped significantly after MWA (P <0.05). The volume of parathyroid lesions at the final examination was significantly reduced, compared with pre-ablation volume (P <0.001), with a median VRR reaching 89%. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 63.6%, respectively. Substantial changes of bone turnover biomarkers were observed before and after MWA (P <0.05), but the differences in renal function were not statistically significant. No major complications were reported in all cases. Pre-MWA serum PTH, lesion volume, maximum diameter of lesion and ablation time were significantly different between patients with successful and failed MWA.ConclusionsPHPT can be effectively and safely treated by ultrasound-guided MWA, as proven by drop in serum PTH and reduction in the volume of parathyroid adenomas. Besides, MWA can impede bone remodeling to suppress hyperparathyroidism in the condition of PHPT.

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Endovascular treatment of aortic arch aneurysms

Jornal Vascular Brasileiro ◽

10.1590/s1677-54492008000200002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 90-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roberto Chiesa ◽

Germano Melissano ◽

Yamume Tshomba ◽

Efrem Civilini ◽

Enrico Maria Marone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aortic Arch ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Small Sample ◽

Neck Length ◽

Proximal Neck ◽

Open Conversion ◽

Aortic Neck ◽

Type Ia

BACKGROUND: Endovascular approach to the aortic arch is an appealing solution for selected patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare the technical and clinical success recorded in the different anatomical settings of endografting for aortic arch disease. METHODS: Between June 1999 and October 2006, among 178 patients treated at our institution for thoracic aorta disease with a stent-graft, the aortic arch was involved in 64 cases. According to the classification proposed by Ishimaru, aortic zone 0 was involved in 14 cases, zone 1 in 12 cases and zone 2 in 38 cases. A hybrid surgical procedure of supra-aortic debranching and revascularization was performed in 37 cases. RESULTS: Zone 0. Proximal neck length: 44±6 mm. Initial clinical success was 78.6%: two deaths (stroke), one type Ia endoleak. At a mean follow-up of 16.4±11 months the midterm clinical success was 85.7%. Zone 1. Proximal neck length: 28±5 mm. Initial clinical success was 66.7%: 0 deaths, four type Ia endoleaks. At a mean follow-up of 16.9±17.2 months the midterm clinical success was 75.0%. Zone 2. Proximal neck length: 30±5 mm. Initial clinical success was 84.2%: two deaths (one cardiac arrest, one multiorgan embolization), three type Ia endoleaks, one case of open conversion. Two cases of delayed transitory paraparesis/paraplegia were observed. At a mean follow-up of 28.0±17.2 months the midterm clinical success was 89.5%. CONCLUSIONS: This study and a literature review demonstrated that hybrid procedure for aortic arch pathology is feasible in selected patients at high risk for conventional surgery. Our experience is still limited by the relatively small sample size. We propose to reserve zone 1 for patients unfit for sternotomy or in cases with aortic neck length > 30 mm following left common carotid artery debranching. We recommend to perform complete aortic rerouting of the aortic arch in cases with lesser comorbidities and shorter aortic neck.

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A Clinical and Radiographic Assessment of Sodium Hypochlorite Versus Formocresol Pulpotomy in Primary Molar Teeth: 12-month Follow-up.

Dentistry 3000 ◽

10.5195/d3000.2021.124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Bahrololoomi ◽

Fatemeh Zarebidoki ◽

Atefeh Shakib

Keyword(s):

Root Resorption ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Primary Molars ◽

Pathologic Finding ◽

Success Rates ◽

Primary Molar ◽

Exact Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Molar Teeth

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomy in primary molars using formocresol versus sodium hypochlorite.Methods: Twenty-three children aged 4-9 years with at least two primary molars requiring pulpotomy were randomly allocated into two groups. All teeth received stainless steel crown after conventional pulpotomy procedure with either NaOCl or formocresol. Clinical and radiographic signs/symptoms were recorded at six and 12 months. Outcomes were statistically analyzed using Fisher’s exact test and Chi-squaretest.Results: Clinical success rates at 6 and 12-month follow-up in both groups was 100%. At 6-month follow-up, radiographic success rate for NaOCl and formocresol groups was 100%. At 12-month recalls, in NaOCl group, 20 teeth (87%) and in formocresol group, 21 teeth (91.3%) had radiographic success. No significant difference was found in the radiographic success rates at 12 months (P=1.00). Internal root resorption was the most common radiographic pathologic finding in both groups.Conclusion:Clinical and radiographic success rates in NaOCl group was comparable with formocresol group, so NaOCL can be suggested as an alternative for primary teeth pulpotomies. However further clinical studies with long-term follow-ups are needed.

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