A bare AISI420J2 punch often suffers from severe adhesion of metallic titanium as well as titanium oxide debris particles in dry, cold forging of biomedical titanium alloys. This punch was plasma-carburized at 673 K for 14.4 ks to harden it up to 1200 HV on average and to achieve carbon supersaturation in the carburized layer. This plasma-carburized punch was employed in the cold, dry forging of a pure titanium wire into a flat plate while reducing the thickness by 70%. The contact interface width approached the forged workpiece width with increasing the reduction ratio. This smaller bulging deformation reveals that the workpiece is upset by homogeneous plastic flow with a lower friction coefficient. This low-friction and anti-galling forging process was sustained by an in situ solid lubrication mechanism. Unbound free carbon was isolated from the carbon-supersaturated AISI420J2 matrix and deposited as a thin tribofilm to protect the contact interface from mass transfer of metallic titanium.
Microstructure evolution of commercial pure titanium during equal channel angular pressing
