Sleeve Gastrectomy Decreases Body Weight, Whole-Body Adiposity, and Blood Pressure Even in Aged Diet-Induced Obese Rats

We examined the role of melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) in proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons in regulating metabolic and cardiovascular functions. Using Cre-loxP technology, we selectively rescued MC4R in Pomc neurons of mice with whole body MC4R deficiency (MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice). Body weight, food intake, and whole body oxygen consumption (V̇o2) were determined daily, and blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and body temperature were measured 24 h/day by telemetry. An intracerebroventricular cannula was placed in the right lateral ventricle for intracerebroventricular infusions. Littermate MC4R-deficient (LoxTB-MC4R) mice were used as controls. After control measurements, the MC4R antagonist (SHU-9119; 1 nmol/h) was infused intracerebroventricularly for 7 days. Compared with LoxTB-MC4R mice, MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice were less obese (47 ± 2 vs. 52 ± 2 g) and had increased energy expenditure (2,174 ± 98 vs. 1,990 ± 68 ml·kg−1·min−1), but food intake (4.4 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.3 g/day), BP (112 ± 1 vs. 109 ± 3 mmHg), and HR [557 ± 9 vs. 551 ± 14 beats per minute (bpm)] were similar between groups. Chronic SHU-9119 infusion increased food intake (4.2 ± 0.2 to 6.1 ± 0.5 g/day) and body weight (47 ± 2 to 52 ± 2 g) in MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice, while no changes were observed in LoxTB-MC4R mice. Chronic SHU-9119 infusion also increased BP and HR by 5 ± 1 mmHg and 60 ± 8 bpm in MC4R-Pomc-Cre mice without altering BP or HR in LoxTB-MC4R mice. These results indicate that MC4Rs in Pomc neurons are important for regulation of energy balance. In contrast, while activation of MC4R in Pomc neurons facilitates the BP response to acute stress, our data do not support a major role of MC4R in Pomc neurons in regulating baseline BP and HR.

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Hemodynamic effects of weight reduction in the obese rat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.2.r266 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 247 (2) ◽

pp. R266-R271

Author(s):

D. L. Crandall ◽

B. M. Goldstein ◽

R. A. Gabel ◽

P. Cervoni

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Weight Reduction ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Tissue Blood Flow ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Obese Rats

The effect of defined increments of weight loss on hemodynamics has been investigated in conscious, unrestrained, spontaneously obese rats. Obese rats were subjected to a calorically restricted diet and were used for experimentation on achieving a 10, 20, or 30% reduction in body weight. After monitoring resting blood pressure and heart rate, radioactive microspheres were infused for determination of blood flow distribution. Of 10 organs sample, only heart, liver, kidneys, and 2 adipose tissue depots exhibited significant decreases in weight associated with body weight reduction. Mean arterial blood pressure remained unchanged, while stroke volume, left ventricular work, and cardiac output decreased significantly. Blood flow decreased to kidneys, testes, and adipose tissue through a 30% reduction in body weight, but the fractional distribution of cardiac output decreased only to adipose tissue. Therefore the large decreases in renal and adipose tissue blood flow during weight reduction may contribute to the associated decrease in cardiac output. Of those vascular beds examined, however, both absolute and relative blood flow decreased only to adipose tissue, thus denoting the influence of fat mass on hemodynamics during obesity.

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Carbohydrate Content of Post-operative Diet Influences the Effect of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy on Body Weight Reduction in Obese Rats

Obesity Surgery ◽

10.1007/s11695-011-0528-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 140-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maximilian Bielohuby ◽

Kerstin Stemmer ◽

José Berger ◽

Juliane Ramisch ◽

Kathleen Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Weight Reduction ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Body Weight Reduction ◽

Obese Rats

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MGAT2 deficiency and vertical sleeve gastrectomy have independent metabolic effects in the mouse

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 307 (11) ◽

pp. E1065-E1072 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Joram D. Mul ◽

Denovan P. Begg ◽

April M. Haller ◽

Josh W. Pressler ◽

Joyce Sorrell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Whole Body ◽

Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Reduced Body

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is currently one of the most effective treatments for obesity. Despite recent developments, the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the metabolic improvements following bariatric surgery remain unresolved. VSG reduces postprandial intestinal triglyceride (TG) production, but whether the effects of VSG on intestinal metabolism are related to metabolic outcomes has yet to be established. The lipid synthesis enzyme acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 ( Mogat2; MGAT2) plays a crucial role in the assimilation of dietary fat in the intestine and in regulation of adiposity stores as well. Given the phenotypic similarities between VSG-operated and MGAT2-deficient animals, we reasoned that this enzyme could also have a key role in mediating the metabolic benefits of VSG. However, VSG reduced body weight and fat mass and improved glucose metabolism similarly in whole body MGAT2-deficient ( Mogat2−/−) mice and wild-type littermates. Furthermore, along with an increase in energy expenditure, surgically naive Mogat2−/− mice had altered macronutrient preference, shifting preference away from fat and toward carbohydrates, and increased locomotor activity. Collectively, these data suggest that the beneficial effects of VSG on body weight and glucose metabolism are independent of MGAT2 activity and rather that they are separate from the effects of MGAT2 deficiency. Because MGAT2 inhibitors are proposed as a pharmacotherapeutic option for obesity, our data suggest that, in addition to increasing energy expenditure, shifting macronutrient preference away from fat could be another important mechanism by which these compounds could contribute to weight loss.

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Dynamics of body weight and comorbidities in obese patients after sleeve gastrectomy vs. gastric bypass

Endocrine Surgery ◽

10.14341/serg10279 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 175-182

Author(s):

Anna R. Volkova ◽

Michael B. Fishman ◽

Galina V. Semikova

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Body Weight ◽

Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Weight Regain ◽

Glycated Hemoglobin ◽

Nadir Point ◽

Clinically Significant

Background: Bariatric surgery methods have proven to be most effective in treating obesity. Weight regain (WR) is often found after various types of bariatric surgery. The clinical significance of WR is not clearly defined. Aims: to assess the dynamics of body weight and determine the amount of clinically significant WR based on the study of carbohydrate metabolism and blood pressure in patients with obesity after performing sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and gastric bypass (GB). Materials and methods: 68 patients with obesity after SG (40) and GB (28) were observed for 3 years. Body mass index (BMI), percentage of excess BMI lost (% EBMIL), WR, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure were evaluated. Results: A comparable efficiency (EBMIL more than 50%) of the SG and the GB was at the nadir point. %EBMIL over 50% was achieved in 78.8% of patients after SG and 80.0% of patients after GB. WR more than 15% was associated with a significant increase in systolic blood pressure. Clinically significant WR in the SG group was detected in 32.5% of patients, in the GB group in 17.2% of patients (p 0.05). Conclusion: WR of more than 15% was associated with a significant increase in systolic blood pressure in patients with obesity after SG and GB, which makes it possible to consider WR of more than 15% clinically significant. A clinically significant WR 36 months after surgery was detected in 32.5% of patients after SG and 17.2% of patients after GB.

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Comment on Short-Term Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Caloric Restriction on Blood Pressure in Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Obesity Surgery ◽

10.1007/s11695-012-0758-1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 1788-1789

Author(s):

Akihiro Asakawa ◽

Ikuo Kato ◽

Akio Inui

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Short Term ◽

Obese Rats ◽

Short Term Effects

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The Influence of Whole-Body Vibration on Cardiovascular Parameters and Changes in the Perception of an External Stimulus in Postmenopausal Women

Rehabilitacja Medyczna ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0015.2425 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joanna Witkoś ◽

Magdalena Hartman-Petrycka

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Whole Body Vibration ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Sensory Threshold ◽

Body Vibration

Introduction: Medical science is constantly looking for effective methods to prevent involutional changes. Whole-body vibration training is a promising form of systemic rehabilitation. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of whole-body vibration on basic cardiovascular parameters (heart rate and blood pressure) and changes in the perception of an external stimulus in postmenopausal women with different body composition. Material and methods: The study was pilot and involved 20 women. Before the procedure, the body composition analysis was performed using the Tanita analyser. All participants underwent a series of vibration massage treatments lasting 30 minutes. Blood pressure, heart rate and sensory threshold levels were measured before and after the vibrotherapy. Results: Diastolic blood pressure before vs. after (median; 74.20 vs. 71.45 mmHg; p=0.047), heart rate before vs. after (median; 67.40 vs. 66.00 bpm; p<0.001). Higher water content positively correlated with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (R=0.51; p<0.05). The older the woman was, the less the heart rate decreased (R=-0.45; p<0.05). After vibrotherapy, the sensory threshold values in the non-dominant hand decreased slightly (p=0.076). The greater the visceral fat content (R=-0.48; p<0.05) and body weight (R=-0.56; p<0.05), the smaller was the improvement in the threshold. Conclusions: After whole-body vibration, the values of diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in the examined women were lower than those recorded before the procedure. It has been shown that the higher water content in the female body was associated with a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure. However, the older the woman, the less was the decrease in heart rate. After the whole-body vibrotherapy, only a slight decrease in the sensory threshold was noted. However, it was found that in the studied women the greater the content of visceral fat tissue and the body weight, the smaller the change in sensory sensitivity.

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Reduced calorie diet combined with NNMT inhibition establishes a distinct microbiome in DIO mice

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-03670-5 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Dimet-Wiley ◽

Qinglong Wu ◽

Jerrin T. Wiley ◽

Aditya Eswar ◽

Harshini Neelakantan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Metabolic Regulation ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Time Frame ◽

Whole Body ◽

Low Fat Diet ◽

Body Adiposity ◽

Principal Coordinates ◽

Calorie Diet ◽

Fat Composition

AbstractTreatment with a nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibitor (NNMTi; 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) combined with low-fat diet (LD) promoted dramatic whole-body adiposity and weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, rapidly normalizing these measures to age-matched lean animals, while LD switch alone was unable to restore these measures to age-matched controls in the same time frame. Since mouse microbiome profiles often highly correlate with body weight and fat composition, this study was designed to test whether the cecal microbiomes of DIO mice treated with NNMTi and LD were comparable to the microbiomes of age-matched lean counterparts and distinct from microbiomes of DIO mice maintained on a high-fat Western diet (WD) or subjected to LD switch alone. There were minimal microbiome differences between lean and obese controls, suggesting that diet composition and adiposity had limited effects. However, DIO mice switched from an obesity-promoting WD to an LD (regardless of treatment status) displayed several genera and phyla differences compared to obese and lean controls. While alpha diversity measures did not significantly differ between groups, beta diversity principal coordinates analyses suggested that mice from the same treatment group were the most similar. K-means clustering analysis of amplicon sequence variants by animal demonstrated that NNMTi-treated DIO mice switched to LD had a distinct microbiome pattern that was highlighted by decreased Erysipelatoclostridium and increased Lactobacillus relative abundances compared to vehicle counterparts; these genera are tied to body weight and metabolic regulation. Additionally, Parasutterella relative abundance, which was increased in both the vehicle- and NNMTi-treated LD-switched groups relative to the controls, significantly correlated with several adipose tissue metabolites’ abundances. Collectively, these results provide a novel foundation for future investigations.

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The Effect of the Melanocortin Agonist, MT-II, on the Defended Level of Body Adiposity

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2004-1663 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 146 (9) ◽

pp. 3732-3738 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Randy J. Seeley ◽

Melissa L. Burklow ◽

Kihmberly A. Wilmer ◽

Colette C. Matthews ◽

Ofer Reizes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Melanocortin Receptor ◽

Reduce Food Intake ◽

Specific Level ◽

Body Adiposity ◽

Wide Range ◽

Obese Rats ◽

Melanocortin Signaling

Abstract A wide range of experimental evidence implicates a critical role for melanocortin signaling in the control of food intake and body adiposity. Melanocortin receptor agonists such as MT-II potently reduce food intake and body weight, making such agonists potential therapeutics for obesity. The critical concept addressed by the present experiments is whether the homeostatic effects of melanocortin agonists directly regulate food intake or whether the effects on food intake are secondary, with the primary effects being the regulation of body weight and adiposity. To investigate this, we compared the effect of various doses of MT-II given via osmotic minipump for 28 d to alter food intake, body weight, and body fat in dietary-induced obese rats. In addition, before the implantation of the minipump, dietary-induced obese rats were weight reduced by differing amounts using varying levels of food restriction. The results show that in food-restricted rats, MT-II-treated rats consume significantly more calories than those receiving MT-II after ad libitum access to food. More importantly, regardless of the widely differing levels of body fat among the different dietary treatments employed, body fat at the end of the study was determined exclusively by the dose of MT-II, with MT-II-treated rats having less body fat than vehicle-treated rats. These experiments support the hypothesis that melanocortin signaling primarily regulates total body adiposity and that food intake is adjusted as necessary to achieve a specific level of body adiposity.

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