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2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Anjar Briliannita ◽  
Zaenab Ismail

Background: Sago is local food, contains lactic acid bacteria that can ferment high carbohydrates and oligosaccharides purified from sago extract. It has the potential as a prebiotic because it can support the growth of lactic acid bacteria, reduce the growth of E.coli and Salmonella bacteria (in vitro).Objectives: To determine the effect of synbiotic drink added with sago starch extract (Metroxylon sago r) on organoleptic and nutritional tests and determine the degree of acidity of the drink.Methods: Experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD). Organoleptic tests at the Nutrition Laboratory of the Nutrition Department of the Health Polytechnic of Sorong and chemical tests at the Chemix Pratama Laboratory in Yogyakarta in April-June 2020. Descriptive univariate analysis, including frequency and percentage distribution. Bivariate test with ANOVA test and Duncan's follow-up test.Results: The results showed that the synbiotic drink (yogurt) added with sago starch extract and using starter Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus had a significant effect on the organoleptic test and the carbohydrate content of the product ( p < 0.05). The most preferred synbiotic drink (yogurt) from the three drink variations (Y011, Y021, and Y033) drinks Y021. The analysis of starch content in local varieties of West Papua sago flour was very high, namely 83.30%, and the chemical test results of acidity (pH) in the selected synbiotic drink (yogurt) Y021 was 4.36.Conclusion: The synbiotic drink added with sago starch extract had a significant effect on the organoleptic test compared with commercial yogurt drink and the carbohydrate content of the drink. Of the 3 variants of sago starch extract in synbiotic drinks, selected was Y021, and the best degree of acidity in synbiotic drinks (Y021), pH = 4.36 was sufficient to meet the standard of acidity of yogurt drinks in general.


Author(s):  
Xuetong Wu ◽  
Weitai Li ◽  
Zhiya Liu ◽  
Huwei Liu ◽  
Rong Gao ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
A. O. Cherneha ◽  
V. V. Liubych ◽  
L. L. Novak ◽  
N. V. Pavliuk

Purpose. Examine the formation of quality (biochemical component, vitamin content) of frozen berries and jam from sea buckthorn as affected by varietal characteristics. Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical, physicochemical. Results. The main component of frozen sea buckthorn berries is water, 75.5–77.4%. In jam, water content mades up 57.5%. Studies have shown that frozen berries of different varieties contain ash (0.3%), protein (from 0.85 to 0.89), carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides, 4.5–5.0), fat (5.0– 5.3%). The content of carbohydrates in the jam at the actual humidity was 32.0%, the content of ash and protein was also the lowest, 0.5–0.6%, and the fat content was 3.8%. The carbohydrate content increased due to the addition of sugar during the preparation of the jam. The content of vitamins in frozen sea buckthorn berries varied significantly depending on the variety. Thus, the content of vitamin C in the berries of variety ‘Uliublena’ was 178 mg/100 g, while in the variety ‘Yelyzaveta’ 167 mg/100 g. In sea buckthorn jam, the content of vitamins B9, B3 and E was 46–72% higher compared to berries, apparently due to the reduction of its humidity during cooking. The content of vitamin C decreased to 55.5 mg/100 g, and the remaining vitamins did not change compared to frozen berries. The content of vitamins B9 and B3 decreased by 16%, vitamin C by 82%, and the content of vitamins B7, B1, B2, B6 and B5 by 45–50% compared to frozen berries. The integrated score of 100 g of frozen sea buckthorn berries satisfies this need with vitamin C – 185–197%, depending on the variety. The need for vitamin E is satisfied only by 15.3–16.7%, and the rest of the vitamins – by 0.5–3.8%, depending on the variety of sea buckthorn. The integral rate of 100 g of sea buckthorn jam satisfies the daily requirement of an adult with vitamin C by 61.7%, vitamin E by 28.7%, and the rest of the vitamins by 0.8–4.0%. Conclusions. The quality of frozen berries significantly depends on the variety of sea buckthorn. Frozen sea buckthorn berries contain the most vitamin C, 167–178 mg/100 g, and jam 55.5 mg/100 g of product. The content of vitamin E is 2.30–2.50 and 4.31 mg/100 g of product, respectively. The content of other vitamins is low, which is confirmed by the analysis of the calculation of the integrated score. The greatest daily requirement of 100 g of frozen berries and jam is provided by vitamin C and E. Therefore it is necessary to use freezing and preparation of jam as sources of vitamin C and E.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Fracasso

<p>Members of the phylum Cnidaria, such as corals and sea anemones, often form mutualistic endosymbiotic relationships with photosynthetic dinoflagellates that are founded upon a reciprocal exchange of nutrients. In this exchange, the cnidarian host provides its symbionts with nutrients derived through respiration, heterotrophy, and the environment, while the symbionts provide their host with products of photosynthesis. The energy derived from this exchange is utilized for metabolism, growth, and reproduction; alternatively, it can be accumulated into storage bodies for use during nutritional shortages or stress. Cnidarian-algal symbioses can be found throughout the world and vary in their sensitivity to stress, with environmental changes playing a prominent role in inducing stress. Tropical cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses are particularly vulnerable to temperature change, with increases of just 1-2℃ above their upper thermal limit often resulting in bleaching (the breakdown of symbiosis via symbiont expulsion). In contrast, temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses exhibit far greater tolerance to such environmental stressors, and are rarely seen to bleach in the field. It is unclear how temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses achieve this resilience and stability.   This thesis examines the effects of changes in temperature and irradiance on the content of energy-rich cellular storage products in the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura aureoradiata and its dinoflagellate endosymbionts (family: Symbiodiniaceae), in order to assess the potential of these compounds in contributing to the overall stability of the symbiosis. In particular, symbiont density and chlorophyll content (as well as photosynthetic efficiency, for experimental study only), in addition to both symbiont and host protein content, served as indicators of physiological health, and were then related to the accumulation of cellular storage products such as lipids and carbohydrates.  A field study was conducted in which a population of A. aureoradiata was sampled from Wellington Harbor, New Zealand, at monthly intervals for one year. Despite monthly and seasonal variability in the physiological parameters measured, the symbiosis remained functional and stable (i.e. no signs of bleaching) throughout the year. The greatest inter-seasonal variation occurred in the symbiont cell-specific carbohydrate content, which decreased significantly between spring and summer. In contrast, host lipid content exhibited less variation than all other symbiont and host storage products. These observations suggest that symbiont carbohydrate stores are primarily utilized to sustain the symbiosis during times of seasonal environmental change (in this case, correlating with increased light and temperature during summer), while lipids may be kept in reserve. The robustness of this field population is expected; being a native species, A. aureoradiata is likely highly acclimated to the conditions that were observed throughout the year of this field study. A separate population of A. aureoradiata was subsequently acclimated to a moderate regime of temperature and irradiance, and then exposed to one of six treatments of different combined temperatures and irradiances (based on seasonal conditions in the Wellington Harbour), to establish their interactive effects on cellular storage product content. Specifically, three thermal regimes (low: 9±1°C, moderate: 14.5±1°C, high: 21±1°C), each at a low (70±10 µmol photons m-2 s-1) or high (145±15 µmol photons m-2 s-1) irradiance, were maintained for a total of sixteen weeks. Unlike in the field, a breakdown in symbiosis was observed; photo-physiological dysfunction of the symbiosis was observed within four weeks in all anemones exposed to low temperature at both irradiances, and bleaching was apparent by week eight. This response likely arose from a combination of the rapid decrease in temperature experienced upon distribution into the low-temperature tank, as well as the prolonged nature of the conditions in the experiment, which would not be experienced in the field. In contrast, the anemones maintained at both irradiances in the moderate and high temperature treatments maintained a stable symbiosis, suggesting that these conditions were not extreme enough to cause notable stress. In fact, anemones kept under both low and high irradiance within the moderate temperature treatment increased in symbiont density and exhibited the highest host lipid content relative to the other treatments, suggesting that this treatment was near-optimal for the symbiosis. Perhaps interestingly, both the moderate and high temperature treatments induced significant reductions in symbiont-specific protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content, while host storage products decreased less drastically. This observation suggests increased utilization of symbiont storage products to maintain a healthy symbiosis under these experimental conditions.   My findings are consistent with previous reports of seasonal stability in temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses; moreover, I provide experimental evidence for the utilization of symbiont storage products as a means of maintaining symbiosis stability, though this was less apparent in the field. Although recent studies have made great progress in identifying patterns of stability in temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses, additional studies are required to build a more comprehensive picture of the mechanisms involved. Future studies would benefit from increased frequency of field sampling, including assessments of nutrient availability and host reproductive cycles, to better understand the monthly and seasonal variability in the intracellular storage product use observed in the field. Nevertheless, results of this study contribute to an improved understanding of the physiology and remarkable stability of temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses, with implications for predictions of how they might respond to future climate change scenarios.</p>


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Oas ◽  
Karen R. Adams

Any relative nutritional differences among the diverse maize (Zea mays L.) landraces traditionally maintained in the Greater Southwest are little understood. In this article, we investigate a range of nutritional traits of five indigenous maize landraces in the US Southwest based on different kernel endosperm types: pop, flour, flint, dent, and sweet. We present macronutrient and micronutrient values for accessions of each landrace grown in the same environmental grow-out experiment. Macronutrient values vary considerably across these endosperm accessions. Sweet and flour maize had higher values of fat and protein, whereas dent had the highest carbohydrate content. Sweet and flour maize were comparatively the best sources of micronutrients. Sweet maize yielded the highest values of potassium, thiamin, and magnesium, and flour kernels had the highest riboflavin and niacin content. These results indicate that the maintenance of diverse maize landraces had nutritional as well as ecological, symbolic, and culinary value in both the past and today. Compared to modern commercial maize standards, traditional southwestern maize landraces had a somewhat higher caloric value, many had higher vitamin and mineral content, and all accessions but dent displayed higher protein values. This suggests that southwestern maize-focused diets that included diverse landraces may have been more nutritious than previously understood.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Fracasso

<p>Members of the phylum Cnidaria, such as corals and sea anemones, often form mutualistic endosymbiotic relationships with photosynthetic dinoflagellates that are founded upon a reciprocal exchange of nutrients. In this exchange, the cnidarian host provides its symbionts with nutrients derived through respiration, heterotrophy, and the environment, while the symbionts provide their host with products of photosynthesis. The energy derived from this exchange is utilized for metabolism, growth, and reproduction; alternatively, it can be accumulated into storage bodies for use during nutritional shortages or stress. Cnidarian-algal symbioses can be found throughout the world and vary in their sensitivity to stress, with environmental changes playing a prominent role in inducing stress. Tropical cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses are particularly vulnerable to temperature change, with increases of just 1-2℃ above their upper thermal limit often resulting in bleaching (the breakdown of symbiosis via symbiont expulsion). In contrast, temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses exhibit far greater tolerance to such environmental stressors, and are rarely seen to bleach in the field. It is unclear how temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses achieve this resilience and stability.   This thesis examines the effects of changes in temperature and irradiance on the content of energy-rich cellular storage products in the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura aureoradiata and its dinoflagellate endosymbionts (family: Symbiodiniaceae), in order to assess the potential of these compounds in contributing to the overall stability of the symbiosis. In particular, symbiont density and chlorophyll content (as well as photosynthetic efficiency, for experimental study only), in addition to both symbiont and host protein content, served as indicators of physiological health, and were then related to the accumulation of cellular storage products such as lipids and carbohydrates.  A field study was conducted in which a population of A. aureoradiata was sampled from Wellington Harbor, New Zealand, at monthly intervals for one year. Despite monthly and seasonal variability in the physiological parameters measured, the symbiosis remained functional and stable (i.e. no signs of bleaching) throughout the year. The greatest inter-seasonal variation occurred in the symbiont cell-specific carbohydrate content, which decreased significantly between spring and summer. In contrast, host lipid content exhibited less variation than all other symbiont and host storage products. These observations suggest that symbiont carbohydrate stores are primarily utilized to sustain the symbiosis during times of seasonal environmental change (in this case, correlating with increased light and temperature during summer), while lipids may be kept in reserve. The robustness of this field population is expected; being a native species, A. aureoradiata is likely highly acclimated to the conditions that were observed throughout the year of this field study. A separate population of A. aureoradiata was subsequently acclimated to a moderate regime of temperature and irradiance, and then exposed to one of six treatments of different combined temperatures and irradiances (based on seasonal conditions in the Wellington Harbour), to establish their interactive effects on cellular storage product content. Specifically, three thermal regimes (low: 9±1°C, moderate: 14.5±1°C, high: 21±1°C), each at a low (70±10 µmol photons m-2 s-1) or high (145±15 µmol photons m-2 s-1) irradiance, were maintained for a total of sixteen weeks. Unlike in the field, a breakdown in symbiosis was observed; photo-physiological dysfunction of the symbiosis was observed within four weeks in all anemones exposed to low temperature at both irradiances, and bleaching was apparent by week eight. This response likely arose from a combination of the rapid decrease in temperature experienced upon distribution into the low-temperature tank, as well as the prolonged nature of the conditions in the experiment, which would not be experienced in the field. In contrast, the anemones maintained at both irradiances in the moderate and high temperature treatments maintained a stable symbiosis, suggesting that these conditions were not extreme enough to cause notable stress. In fact, anemones kept under both low and high irradiance within the moderate temperature treatment increased in symbiont density and exhibited the highest host lipid content relative to the other treatments, suggesting that this treatment was near-optimal for the symbiosis. Perhaps interestingly, both the moderate and high temperature treatments induced significant reductions in symbiont-specific protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content, while host storage products decreased less drastically. This observation suggests increased utilization of symbiont storage products to maintain a healthy symbiosis under these experimental conditions.   My findings are consistent with previous reports of seasonal stability in temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses; moreover, I provide experimental evidence for the utilization of symbiont storage products as a means of maintaining symbiosis stability, though this was less apparent in the field. Although recent studies have made great progress in identifying patterns of stability in temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses, additional studies are required to build a more comprehensive picture of the mechanisms involved. Future studies would benefit from increased frequency of field sampling, including assessments of nutrient availability and host reproductive cycles, to better understand the monthly and seasonal variability in the intracellular storage product use observed in the field. Nevertheless, results of this study contribute to an improved understanding of the physiology and remarkable stability of temperate cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses, with implications for predictions of how they might respond to future climate change scenarios.</p>


Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2202-2208
Author(s):  
Yousef J.I. AL –Shahery ◽  
Israa N. AL-Asady

Algae comprise a large group of Thallophyta, which may be used as direct nutrition of human beings. Molasses is the by-product of the sugar manufacturing facility. In this study, a locally isolated Scendsmus quadricauda from the environment of Mosul in the Shalalat region was obtained. Biomass of Scenedsmus was measurement by carried out and filtration then drying in an oven for 24 h and weighed, Estimation of chlorophyll and protein and carbohydrate content of Scenedsmus. The research has proved that the best growing period for Scendsmue quadricauda is 15 days when using sugar factory waste as a carbon source, the growth reached (1.42 nm) as optical density, biomass (1525 mg /L), chlorophyll (green), pigment (18 mg /l) protein content (396 mg /l ) and carbohydrates ( 501 mg / l ). The research showed that the use of sugar factory waste as a nutritional medium for algal growth in the dark (11.5%) achieved good growth of Scendesmues quadricauda ( 0.632 nm), biomass (820 mg / L), green pigment (Chlorophyll) (18 mg /L) protein content (235 mg / L ) and carbohydrates (401 mg/L). while using phosphor (0.018%) of K2HPO4 in dark medium achieved highest growth rate (0.91 nm) , biomass (1110 mg / L) chlorophyll ( 22 mg/L) protein (301mg/L) and carbohydrate (461 mg/L) . It is noted too , that using IAA (0.5 g/L) in dark medium support best growth (0.888 nm) , biomass (1010 mg/L) chlorophyll (25 mg/L) , protein (230mg/L) and carbohydrate (440 mg//L) . The study showed that thiamine (1 g/L) in dark medium achieved highest growth (0.750 nm) biomass (218 mg/L), chlorophyll (29mg/L), protein (220 mg/L), carbohydrate (340mg/L). Therefore, using Molasses can enhance the growth, biomass, chlorophyll, protein, and carbohydrate content in the S. quadricauda.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Mangel ◽  
Sharon Vanetik ◽  
Dror Mandel ◽  
Ronella Marom ◽  
Ronit Lubetzky ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested seasonal variation in macronutrient content of milk produced from animals. The influence of seasonal variation upon human milk macronutrient content has not been elucidated. This study aimed to compare the macronutrient content of HM produced by lactating mothers during the winter and the summer seasons. Methods We compiled previously generated data on macronutrient content of colostrum milk samples collected from lactating mothers of healthy term infants. The mothers were recruited during their postpartum stay at the Lis Maternity Hospital of the Tel Aviv Medical Center. Macronutrient content was measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Results The carbohydrate content of the colostrum was significantly higher in the summer season than in the winter season (5.9 ± 1.3 vs 5.4 ± 1.4 g/100 ml, p value <0.001). Protein, fat, and energy contents were similar in both groups. Conclusion The carbohydrate content in colostrum obtained from mothers of term infants was affected by seasonal variations.


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