The effect of the radial force applied by a ring debarker tip to frozen balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) logs, obtained at three positions on the stem, was studied. A one-armed ring debarker prototype was built, which controlled the radial force, the rake angle, and cutting and feed speeds. Balsam fir logs at −19 °C were debarked at three levels of radial force. The rake angle, tip overlap, tip edge radius, and cutting and feed speeds were kept constant. Debarking quality was evaluated by two criteria: the proportion of bark remaining on log surfaces and the amount of wood fibres in bark residues. Log characteristics (dimensions, eccentricity, bark thickness, and knot features), bark–wood shear strength, and the basic densities of sapwood and bark were also measured. Results showed that the radial force had a significant effect on debarking quality. The proportion of bark remaining on log surfaces increased while the amount of wood fibres in bark residues decreased as radial force decreased. A radial force of 18.5 N·mm−1 is suggested for an optimal debarking quality. In contrast, log position on the stem did not affect the debarking quality indicators. Results also showed that the proportion of bark remaining on log surfaces increases as bark–wood shear strength and the proportion of knot surface increase, while the amount of wood fibres in bark residues increases as bark–wood shear strength decreases and logs are more eccentric. The results give useful information to improve the debarking process within the studied range of log diameters and debarking parameters.
Mixed Regional Shifts in Conifer Productivity under 21st-Century Climate Projections in Canada’s Northeastern Boreal Forest