Correlation of olfactory dysfunction with lung involvement and severity of COVID-19

Background:Systemic sclerosis is a disorder of connective tissue with unknown cause, affecting the skin and internal organs, characterized by fibrotic changes.Objective:To determine the correlation between serum homocysteine level and interstitial lung involvement in systemic sclerosis. </P><P> Materials and Methods: In this case – control study, 59 patients who fulfilled the ACR/EULAR classification criteria for systemic sclerosis and were referred to Hafez Hospital of Shiraz, Iran, were included as the case group. Fifty nine healthy subjects were involved as the control group. Patients were divided into two groups based on interstitial lung involvement and two subtypes, diffuse and limited type. Serum homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate levels compared between the controls, and cases groups.Results:Of 59 case and control group, 53 (%89.8) were female and the mean age did not differ in both groups (P=0.929). Thirty five (%59.3) patients had interstitial lung involvement and 38(%64.4) had diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. The mean serum homocysteine level was 13.9±6.3 µmol/L in the case and 13.7±9.2 µmol/L in the control group (P=0.86). The mean serum homocysteine level did not differ between the patients with and without interstitial lung involvement (P=0.52). The patients with lung involvement was older than those without lung involvement (P=0.004). Lung disease was more common in diffuse type (P=0.014).Conclusion:In our study, serum homocysteine level did not differ between the patients and healthy subjects. Also, there was no correlation between serum homocysteine level and lung involvement, but lung involvement was more common in older patients and also diffuse subtype.

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Study of lung involvement in patients with cystic fibrosis

Jornal de Pediatria ◽

10.2223/jped.5 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 295-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eduardo C. Dornelas ◽

Maria I.M. Fernandes ◽

Lívia C. Galvão ◽

Geruza A. Silva

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Lung Involvement

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Olfactory dysfunction in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Journal of Neurology ◽

10.1007/s00415-015-7787-3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 262 (8) ◽

pp. 1890-1898 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lin-Jie Zhang ◽

Ning Zhao ◽

Ying Fu ◽

Da-Qi Zhang ◽

Jing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neuromyelitis Optica ◽

Olfactory Dysfunction ◽

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders ◽

Spectrum Disorders

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Brain Metabolic Correlates of Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction after SARS-Cov2 Infection

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9030287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 287

Author(s):

Maria Isabella Donegani ◽

Alberto Miceli ◽

Matteo Pardini ◽

Matteo Bauckneht ◽

Silvia Chiola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fdg Pet ◽

Structural Connectivity ◽

Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Olfactory Dysfunction ◽

Whole Body ◽

Mapping Software ◽

18F Fdg ◽

Left Insula

We aimed to evaluate the brain hypometabolic signature of persistent isolated olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Twenty-two patients underwent whole-body [18F]-FDG PET, including a dedicated brain acquisition at our institution between May and December 2020 following their recovery after SARS-Cov2 infection. Fourteen of these patients presented isolated persistent hyposmia (smell diskettes olfaction test was used). A voxel-wise analysis (using Statistical Parametric Mapping software version 8 (SPM8)) was performed to identify brain regions of relative hypometabolism in patients with hyposmia with respect to controls. Structural connectivity of these regions was assessed (BCB toolkit). Relative hypometabolism was demonstrated in bilateral parahippocampal and fusiform gyri and in left insula in patients with respect to controls. Structural connectivity maps highlighted the involvement of bilateral longitudinal fasciculi. This study provides evidence of cortical hypometabolism in patients with isolated persistent hyposmia after SARS-Cov2 infection. [18F]-FDG PET may play a role in the identification of long-term brain functional sequelae of COVID-19.

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Effects of COVID-19 on Sense of Smell: Human Factors/Ergonomics Considerations

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/0018720821990162 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001872082199016

Author(s):

E. Leslie Cameron ◽

Per Møller ◽

Keith S. Karn

Keyword(s):

Human Factors ◽

Olfactory Dysfunction ◽

System Communication ◽

Human System ◽

Sense Of Smell ◽

Primary Means ◽

Human Sense ◽

Smell Loss

Objective We review the effects of COVID-19 on the human sense of smell (olfaction) and discuss implications for human-system interactions. We emphasize how critical smell is and how the widespread loss of smell due to COVID-19 will impact human-system interaction. Background COVID-19 reduces the sense of smell in people who contract the disease. Thus far, olfaction has received relatively little attention from human factors/ergonomics professionals. While smell is not a primary means of human-system communication, humans rely on smell in many important ways related to both quality of life and safety. Method We briefly review and synthesize the rapidly expanding literature through September 2020 on the topic of smell loss caused by COVID-19. We interpret findings in terms of their relevance to human factors/ergonomics researchers and practitioners. Results Since March 2020 dozens of articles have been published that report smell loss in COVID-19 patients. The prevalence and duration of COVID-19-related smell loss is still under investigation, but the available data suggest that it may leave many people with long-term deficits and distortions in sense of smell. Conclusion We suggest that the human factors/ergonomics community could become more aware of the importance of the sense of smell and focus on accommodating the increasing number of people with reduced olfactory performance. Application We present examples of how olfaction can augment human-system communication and how human factors/ergonomics professionals might accommodate people with olfactory dysfunction. While seemingly at odds, both of these goals can be achieved.

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Olfactory dysfunction and oxidative stress in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1007/s00404-021-05998-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yavuz Şimşek ◽

Gökçe Şimşek ◽

Nuray Bayar Muluk ◽

Osman Kürşat Arıkan

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽

Olfactory Dysfunction ◽

And Oxidative Stress

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Clinical features and risk factors of Raynaud’s phenomenon in primary Sjögren’s syndrome

Clinical Rheumatology ◽

10.1007/s10067-021-05749-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wei Lin ◽

Zhifei Xin ◽

Xiaoran Ning ◽

Yang Li ◽

Xiuying Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽

Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽

Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽

Sjogren's Syndrome ◽

Primary Sjögren’S Syndrome ◽

Lung Involvement ◽

Primary Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽

Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

Abstract Objective The aim at the current study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). Methods Retrospective analysis of the medical records of 333 new-onset pSS patients was performed. Demographic, clinical, and serological data were compared between individuals with and without RP. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. Results RP was present in 11.41% of the pSS patients. pSS-RP patients were younger (49.74±14.56 years vs. 54.46±13.20 years, p=0.04) and exhibited higher disease activity (11 [5.75–15] vs. 7 [4–12], p=0.03) than those without. The prevalence of lung involvement was significantly higher in pSS patients with RP (60.53% vs. 17.29%; p<0.001). A significantly higher proportion of patients with pSS-RP tested positive about antinuclear (ANA), anti-RNP, and anti-centromere antibodies (ACA) compared to those without (p=0.003, <0.001, and 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified lung involvement (odds ratio [OR]=8.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02–38.47; p=0.04), anti-RNP positive status (OR=79.41, 95% CI 12.57–501.78; p<0.0001), as well as ACA (OR=13.17, 95% CI 2.60–66.72; p=0.002) as prognostic factors for pSS-RP. Conclusion The presence of RP defined a subset of pSS with a unique phenotype, manifesting as increased lung involvement and a higher frequency of anti-RNP antibodies and ACA, as well as greater disease activity. These results suggest that RP has clinical and prognostic value of pSS patients. Further prospective studies with a larger number of subjects are warranted to confirm our findings and assess the prognostic and treatment implications of RP in pSS patients. Key Points• Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) was present in 38 (11.41%) of 333 patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), with patients with RP exhibiting a younger age and higher disease activity.• The presence of RP indicates a subset of pSS with a unique phenotype, with manifestations including increased lung involvement and a higher frequency of anti-RNP antibodies and anti-centromere antibodies.• Patients with pSS and RP need close follow-up and long-term observation (including assessment of microangiopathy), with specific attention paid to the possible development of clinical features of systemic sclerosis.

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Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 disease: Outcomes and relation to the Macklin effect

Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals ◽

10.1177/02184923211010089 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 021849232110100

Author(s):

João Brito ◽

Paulo Gregório ◽

Alessandro Mariani ◽

Paula D’ambrosio ◽

Mauro Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Retrospective Studies ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Hemodynamic Instability ◽

Disease Course ◽

Lung Involvement ◽

Radiological Findings ◽

Disease Outcomes ◽

Macklin Effect ◽

Benign Course

Aim Pneumomediastinum (PM) is associated with several etiologies and mechanisms. Although it has been described more than 100 years ago, the literature is limited to small retrospective studies. This study aimed to follow patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that developed PM during hospitalization and describe their clinical and radiological evolution. Methods A prospective cohort was developed with patients with PM, excluding those with aerodigestive trauma, inside a hospital COVID-19 dedicated hospital. Clinical variables including onset of symptoms, hemodynamic instability, associated complications, the need of interventions, and disease course were all recorded. Also, radiological findings such as the presence of the Macklin effect, extension of lung involvement by COVID-19, and characteristics of the PM were analyzed. Results Twenty-one patients with non-traumatic PM were followed, resulting in an overall incidence of 0.5% during the study period. Seven (33%) patients had associated pneumothorax and malignant/tension PM was observed in three (14%) cases. The Macklin effect could be found in 11 patients (52%) and the majority of them had more than 50% of lung involvement due to COVID-19. The mortality rate was 49%; however, no deaths were directly related to the PM. Conclusions PM incidence is probably increased in the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19, especially in those with greater involvement of the lungs, and the Macklin effect may be an important underlying mechanism of this complication. Usually, PM has a benign course, but complications like tension/malignant PM may occur requiring prompt detection and intervention.

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