scholarly journals Naturalizing Darwall’s Second Person Standpoint

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-804
Author(s):  
Carme Isern-Mas ◽  
Antoni Gomila
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Community Norms ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Naturalistic Interpretation

Abstract In this paper, we take Darwall’s analytical project of the second-person standpoint as the starting point for a naturalistic project about our moral psychology. In his project, Darwall contends that our moral notions constitutively imply the perspective of second-personal interaction, i.e. the interaction of two mutually recognized agents who make and acknowledge claims on one another. This allows him to explain the distinctive purported authority of morality. Yet a naturalized interpretation of it has potential as an account of our moral psychology. We propose a naturalistic interpretation of Darwall’s work to address some of the main issues about our moral psychology. First, we explain why moral norms motivate us; namely, because of these second-personal relations. We provide a naturalized version of this solution. Second, we articulate how intersubjective interactions take place effectively; grounding duties to particular other subjects, and being related to distinctive moral emotions. Third, we address the question of the limits of the moral community, proposing that it comprises all agents capable of second-personal interactions. Finally, we explain the emergence of community norms through intersubjective interaction. Since all group members can adopt alternatively the second-personal stance to each other, demands are sanctioned and recognized in a triangulation process which explains the emergence of group norms.

The Philosophy of Moral Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Anna Abram
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Moral Failure ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

This article presents a view of moral development based on the interdisciplinary study of moral psychology and virtue ethics. It suggests that a successful account of moral development has to go beyond what the developmental psychology and virtue ethics advocate and find ways of incorporating ideas, such as “moral failure” and “unpredictability of life.” It proposes to recognize the concept of moral development as an essential concept for ethics, moral philosophy and philosophy of education, and as a useful tool for anyone who wants to engage constructively in dialogues of religions, cultures and personal interaction.

The Good, The Bad, and The Player

2010 ◽  
pp. 52-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Švelch
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Game Studies ◽  
Moral Content ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
On Line ◽  
Moral Choices ◽  
The Relationship

In this chapter, the authors create a theoretical model to analyze the challenges inherent in the implementation of moral choices in single-player avatar-based video game. Based on previous research in moral psychology and game studies, the authors investigate the relationship between the player’s moral emotions and the events she causes to happen in the fictional world of a video game. The authors find that there are two factors that govern the identification with the moral content of the game’s fiction: the implementation of moral agency into the game, of which they identify two basic scenarios (fixed justice and accumulation of deeds), and the style of gameplay the player chooses to follow. The authors give numerous examples from interviews, on-line discussions and gaming press of instances when players feel moral emotions about im(moral) actions they have taken in a video game.

Moral sentiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jay Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Moral Agency ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Sense ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Sentiments ◽  
Moral Beliefs ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Enlightenment

Moral sentiments are those feelings or emotions central to moral agency. Aristotle treated sentiments as nonrational conditions, capable of being moulded into virtues through habituation. The moral sense theorists of the Enlightenment took sentiments to provide the psychological basis for our common moral life. Kantian approaches deny the primacy of sentiments in moral personality, and treat moral sentiments as conditioned by our rational grasp of moral principles. A central issue is whether moral sentiments incorporate moral beliefs. Accounts which affirm a connection with moral beliefs point to the complex intentionality (object-directedness) of such states as resentment or indignation. Against this, some observe that moral emotions may be felt inappropriately. Of special interest are the sentiments of guilt and shame. These seem to reflect different orientations towards moral norms, and questions arise about the degree to which these different orientations are culturally local, and whether either orientation is superior to the other.

Moral Judgments, Moral Virtues, and Moral Norms

Human Affairs ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Popper
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Virtues ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ethical Systems ◽  
Ways Of Life

Moral Judgments, Moral Virtues, and Moral NormsThe paper consists of two basic parts. In the first, contemporary approaches to moral judgments and their relations with moral virtues and moral norms are analyzed. The focus is on comparing the role of the emotions and reason, and conscious and unconscious processes in forming and/or justifying moral judgments. The second part examines views on the current broader socio-political situation in Western countries and points to the growing feelings of insecurity among people mainly due to the fact that traditional ways of life have been losing solid ground, settled (social) norms and ethical systems are weakening and at the same time the social trust in various state institutions and bureaucratic structures involved in power is decreasing. In conclusion the author argues for the potential of the ethic of autonomy that would lead to still greater cooperation in globalized ethic, primarily thanks to our moral emotions and moral judgments.

Punishment and Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Willem van Prooijen
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
The Core ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Supernatural Punishment

One of the core assumptions of the proposition that moral punishment is an instinct is that punishment stimulates cooperation among group members. This chapter starts with supernatural punishment, illuminating that whereas belief in heaven has no effect on national crime rates, belief in hell reduces crime rates. Also, in economic games, the possibility to punish increases the cooperation that people display. These effects emerge because punishment increases deterrence, communicates moral norms, and instills trust. The chapter then notes that punishment has facilitated cooperation among strangers as people started forming large states, and that people become more punitive in situations that required unconditional cooperation and self-sacrifice for the group (i.e., war). These findings suggest that punishment indeed stimulates cooperation in social groups.

scholarly journals The determinants of dominance relationships among subordinate females in the cooperatively breeding meerkat

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.K. Thavarajah ◽  
M. Fenkes ◽  
T.H. Clutton-Brock
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Breeding Female ◽  
Suricata Suricatta ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Group Members

In cooperatively breeding species with high reproductive skew, a single breeding female is dominant to all other group members, but it is not yet known if there are consistent dominance relationships among subordinates. In this study on meerkats (Suricata suricatta), we used naturally observed dominance assertions and submissive interactions within dyads of subordinate females to investigate: (i) whether or not a dominance structure exists among them and what factors influence dominance relationships; and (ii) how dominance may influence the future reproductive success of subordinate females. Our study indicates that superiority in age and weight provide a competitive advantage during conflicts among subordinate females and that females who consistently dominate in these contests are subsequently more likely to attain a dominant breeding position. This provides a starting point for further investigations into dominance structure among subordinates in meerkat societies and other cooperative breeders.

The Studierstube Augmented Reality Project

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Schmalstieg ◽  
Anton Fuhrmann ◽  
Gerd Hesina ◽  
Zsolt Szalavári ◽  
L. Miguel Encarnação ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Interface Management ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Collaborative Augmented Reality ◽  
Interface Metaphor

Our starting point for developing the Studierstube system was the belief that augmented reality, the less obtrusive cousin of virtual reality, has a better chance of becoming a viable user interface for applications requiring manipulation of complex three-dimensional information as a daily routine. In essence, we are searching for a 3-D user interface metaphor as powerful as the desktop metaphor for 2-D. At the heart of the Studierstube system, collaborative augmented reality is used to embed computer-generated images into the real work environment. In the first part of this paper, we review the user interface of the initial Studierstube system, in particular the implementation of collaborative augmented reality, and the Personal Interaction Panel, a two-handed interface for interaction with the system. In the second part, an extended Studierstube system based on a heterogeneous distributed architecture is presented. This system allows the user to combine multiple approaches— augmented reality, projection displays, and ubiquitous computing—to the interface as needed. The environment is controlled by the Personal Interaction Panel, a twohanded, pen-and-pad interface that has versatile uses for interacting with the virtual environment. Studierstube also borrows elements from the desktop, such as multitasking and multi-windowing. The resulting software architecture is a user interface management system for complex augmented reality applications. The presentation is complemented by selected application examples.

The impact of individualist and collectivist group norms on evaluations of dissenting group members

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Hornsey ◽  
Jolanda Jetten ◽  
Brendan J. McAuliffe ◽  
Michael A. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Group Norms ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals O uczuciach i emocjach na poważnie (nie tylko dla nauczycieli etyki)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Ewa Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Schooling System

In this chapter I focus on the relevance of moral emotions in our „perception of something as moral issue” as well as „in the application of moral norms, but also in their grounding…”1. Referring to the statements of philosophy (from Aristotle to Habermas) and developmental psychology (from Piaget to Ekman) I highlight that affectivity needs to be already promoted in the early education. There is a lack of the professional emotional education in the Polish schooling system. Finally I propose a simple training for both teachers and students, in order to strength their skills of understanding facial emotional expressions of others. Mutual respect, trust, and better communicational relationships in the classroom will follow, and, last but not least, the learning processes in pupils will be facilitated too.

Small Group Effects on Foreign Policy Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean A. Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
High Level

The core decision-making literature argues that leaders and their advisors operate within a political and social context that determines when and how they matter to foreign policy decision making. Small groups and powerful leaders become important when they have an active interest in and involvement with the issue under discussion; when the problem is perceived to be a crisis and important to the future of the regime; in novel situations requiring more than simple application of existing standard operating procedures; and when high-level diplomacy is involved. Irving Janis’s groupthink and Graham Allison’s bureaucratic politics serve as the starting point in the study of small groups and foreign policy decision making. There are three distinct structural arrangements of decision groups: formalistic/hierarchical, competitive, and collegial advisory structures, which vary based on their centralization and how open they are to the input of various members of the decision group. Considering the leader, group members, and influence patterns, it is possible to see that decision making within a group rests on the symbiotic relationship between the leader and members of the group or among group members themselves. Indeed, the interaction among group members creates particular patterns of behavior that affect how the group functions and how the policy process will evolve and likely influence policy outcomes. Ultimately, small group decision making must overcome the consistent challenge to differentiate its role in foreign policy analysis from other decision units and expand further beyond the American context.

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