The Adaptation of a Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS), the Student Subjective Well-Being Scale in the Indonesian Context [Adaptasi BASWBSS, Skala Kesejahteraan Subjektif Siswa dalam Konteks Indonesia]

Well-being is an indicator of students’ happiness in school. There is currently a need to identify students’ well-being in order to know the conditions of students’ mental health and their levels of contentment in school. The existing instruments of student well-being in Indonesia have numerous items, which can impact the participants’ behavior in filling out the questionnaires. Therefore, there was a need for a shorter version of the instruments. This research focused on the adaption of the Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS), an instrument for subjective well-being with only eight items and was previously developed by Tian, Wang, and Huebner (2015) among high school students in China. A total of 235 Indonesian students, both high school and first-year university students were the participants in this study. Reliability testing using internal consistency, while construct and criterion validity testing was implemented to test this scale's psychometric properties in the Indonesian context. The result of this study indicated that the adaptation of Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS) was valid and reliable for Indonesian students. Kesejahteraan merupakan indikator kebahagiaan siswa di sekolah. Saat ini, terdapat kebutuhan mengidentifikasi kesejahteraan siswa untuk mengetahui kondisi kesehatan mental dan tingkat kepuasan mereka di sekolah. Alat ukur kesejahteraan siswa yang ada di Indonesia memiliki banyak butir pertanyaan, yang dapat berdampak pada perilaku partisipan dalam mengisi kuesioner. Karenanya, dibutuhkan versi pendek dari alat ukur tersebut. Penelitian ini berfokus pada adaptasi Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS), sebuah alat ukur kesejahteraan subjektif dengan delapan butir yang dikembangkan oleh Tian, Wang, dan Huebner (2015) untuk siswa sekolah menengah atas di Tiongkok. Sebanyak 235 siswa Indonesia, yang merupakan siswa sekolah menengah atas dan mahasiswa tahun pertama, menjadi partisipan dalam penelitian ini. Uji reliabilitas dilakukan menggunakan konsistensi internal, sedangkan uji validitas konstruk dan validitas kriteria digunakan untuk menguji aspek psikometri dalam konteks Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil adaptasi dari Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS) valid dan reliabel untuk siswa di Indonesia.

Characteristics of Leadership in Private University Organizations in Indonesia: A Conceptual Model [Karakteristik Kepemimpinan Organisasi Perguruan Tinggi Swasta di Indonesia: Sebuah Model Konseptual]

Universities (PT) are complex organizations, due to their internal nature and in response to the demands of globalization and technological development. Leaders and leadership are key factors in the success of an organization in fulfilling its goals. Studies on leadership in university organizations (OPT) in Indonesia is still limited, even though leaders perform their functions depending on context. This means that leadership study from different cultures and other organizations (corporations) may not be readily implemented in private university organizations (OPTS) in Indonesia. A qualitative study on 13 leaders of private universities (PTS) aims to identify the leadership characteristics of private university organizations (OPTS); specifically, by portraying leadership functions and leadership styles played by individuals who are active leaders private universities (PTS). The phenomenological qualitative study conducted using grounded analysis presents a conceptual model with three important characteristics: (1) academic leadership; (2) community leadership; and (3) corporate leadership. The interpretation of academic leadership and community leadership relates to the tri dharma (three pillars) of universities (PT), for which the view has not been solidified among the participants at the institutional and individual levels. Meanwhile, from corporate leadership emerges several interpretations related to the adoption of performance-based strategy, succession planning, and qualifications. Facing extremely competitive external challenges, leaders of universities (PT) can consider Systems Theory framework that look at the internal components of organizations holistically, rather than part by part, such that unique leadership characteristics would emerge, such as entrepreneurial leadership with the interpretation of tri dharma that is not merely limited to the dichotomy between research and teaching universities. Perguruan tinggi (PT) merupakan organisasi yang kompleks, baik karena natur internal maupun akibat tuntutan sebagai dampak dari perkembangan teknologi dan globalisasi. Pemimpin dan kepemimpinan merupakan faktor kunci akan keberhasilan organisasi mencapai visinya. Kajian kepemimpinan di organisasi perguruan tinggi (OPT) terutama di Indonesia sangat terbatas, padahal pemimpin berfungsi tergantung pada konteks. Artinya, studi kepemimpinan dari budaya berbeda atau organisasi lain (korporasi) belum tentu dapat diimplementasikan dalam organisasi perguruan tinggi swasta (OPTS) di Indonesia. Studi kualitatif terhadap 13 pemimpin perguruan tinggi swasta (PTS) bertujuan untuk identifikasi karakteristik kepemimpinan di organisasi perguruan tinggi swasta (OPTS); secara spesifik berupa gambaran fungsi pemimpin dan gaya kepemimpinan yang diperankan oleh mereka yang tengah aktif memimpin perguruan tinggi swasta (PTS). Hasil studi kualitatif fenomenologi dengan analisis secara grounded menampilkan model konseptual dengan tiga karakteristik, yakni: (1) kepemimpinan akademik; (2) kepemimpinan komunitas; dan (3) kepemimpinan korporasi. Pemaknaan terhadap kepemimpinan akademik dan kepemimpinan komunitas terkait dengan tri dharma perguruan tinggi (PT), yang pandangannya tidak solid antar partisipan baik pada tataran institusional maupun individual. Sementara pada kepemimpinan korporasi muncul makna terkait adopsi strategi berbasis kinerja, program kaderisasi, dan kualifikasi. Menghadapi tantangan eksternal yang sangat kompetitif, pemimpin perguruan tinggi (PT) dapat mempertimbangkan kerangka systems theory yang melihat komponen internal organisasi secara keseluruhan, bukan bagian demi bagian, sehingga boleh jadi muncul karakteristik kepemimpinan yang unik seperti entrepreneurial dengan pemaknaan terhadap tri dharma yang tidak terbatas pada research atau teaching university semata.

The Question of Ethical Review for Psychological Research in Indonesia: Need and Importance [Menyoal Uji Etik dalam Penelitian Psikologi di Indonesia: Seberapa Perlu dan Pentingkah?]

Ethical evaluation is an integral part of the research process. While at the international level, ethical assessment is required for the majority of psychological studies involving direct data collection on human subjects, such assessment is largely optional in the Indonesian context. Ethical aspects, which are essential in research, are often trivialized and thus ignored. In this article, the author specifically focuses on the importance of ethical evaluation in psychological research proposals, by citing the controversial Little Albert experiment, describing the benefits of ethical evaluation for the participants, researchers, and the dignity of the profession. Lastly, the article formulates holistic recommendations for the benefit of developing psychological research in Indonesia. Evaluasi etik merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari proses penelitian. Walaupun di tingkat internasional mayoritas penelitian psikologi yang melibatkan pengambilan data secara langsung terhadap subjek manusia diharuskan melalui proses uji etik, di Indonesia hal tersebut masih cenderung merupakan pilihan. Aspek etik dalam sebuah penelitian, yang sebenarnya merupakan hal esensial, seringkali disepelekan dan karenanya diabaikan. Dalam tulisan ini, secara spesifik penulis berfokus pada pentingnya evaluasi etik dari sebuah rencana (proposal) penelitian psikologi, dengan menyinggung eksperimen kontroversial Little Albert, mendeskripsikan manfaat evaluasi aspek etis penelitian bagi partisipan, peneliti, dan marwah profesi. Terakhir, tulisan ini memformulasikan rekomendasi yang menyeluruh sehingga bermanfaat bagi perkembangan penelitian psikologi di Indonesia.

The Work Stress of Millennial Employees Reviewed from the Viewpoint of Organizational Climate with Team-Member Exchange as a Moderator [Stres Kerja Karyawan Milenial Ditinjau dari Iklim Organisasi dengan Team-Member Exchange sebagai Moderator]

This study aims to define the role of organizational climate on work stress of millennial employees and the moderating effect of team-member exchange in the relationship between organizational climate and work stress of millennial employees. Participants are employees born in the time range of 1980 to 2000 and have worked for at least six months. This study utilized survey method with the instruments Stress Diagnostic Survey, Organization Climate Questionnaire, and Team-Member Exchange (TME) instrument which is a fusion of Team-Member Exchange Contributions and Team-Member Exchange Receipts. The data were analyzed with simple linear regression and moderation analysis utilizing the PROCESS module by Hayes. The results of this study indicate that organizational climate contributed negatively on the work stress of millennial employees. The higher the score for organizational climate, the lower the score for work stress on millennial employees. Team-member exchange cannot moderate the relationship between organizational climate and work stress of millennial employees. High quality of team-member exchange cannot strengthen the relationship between organizational climate and work stress of millennial employees. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran iklim organisasi terhadap stres kerja karyawan milenial dan efek moderator dari team-member exchange terhadap hubungan antara iklim organisasi dan stres kerja pada karyawan milenial. Partisipan adalah karyawan milenial dengan rentang tahun kelahiran 1980 hingga 2000 dan sudah bekerja minimal selama enam bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan instrumen Stress Diagnostic Survey, Organizational Climate Questionnaire, dan instrumen Team-Member Exchange (TME) yang merupakan gabungan dari Team-Member Exchange Contributions dan Team-Member Exchange Receipts. Analisis data menggunakan uji regresi linear sederhana dan uji moderasi dengan modul PROCESS dari Hayes. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa iklim organisasi berkontribusi negatif terhadap stres kerja karyawan mileneal. Semakin tinggi skor iklim organisasi, maka semakin rendah skor stres kerja karyawan milenial. Team-member exchange tidak dapat memoderasi hubungan antara iklim organisasi dan stres kerja karyawan milenial. Kualitas team-member exchange yang tinggi tidak dapat memperkuat hubungan iklim organisasi dengan stres kerja karyawan milenial.

Subjective Well-Being of Indonesian Children: A Perspective of Material Well-Being [Kesejahteraan Subjektif Anak Indonesia: Sebuah Perspektif Kesejahteraan Materi]

This study aims to explain the subjective well-being of Indonesian children in terms of material well-being. Indonesia is still considered a developing country, and several studies reveal the correlation between economic status and subjective well-being of adults. However, only a very limited number of studies focus on Indonesian children’s material well-being from their own perspective. This study used data from the third wave of the Children’s Worlds survey conducted in Indonesia. The sample (N = 14,576; 49.35% boys; 50.65% girls) was composed of children aged 10 years and 12 years. Subjective well-being (SWB) was measured using the Children’s Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale (CW-SWBS) and a single-item Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS) scale. Material well-being was measured using family economic status, material deprivation, frequency of being worried about family’s money situation, and frequency of having enough food to eat each day. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Cummins’ theory of subjective well-being (SWB) was used to explain the results. Results showed that children from families with high economic status who reported no material deprivation, never worrying about the family’s money, and always having enough food to eat each day displayed higher subjective well-being (SWB) mean scores on both subjective well-being (SWB) scales compared to children in families from middle and lower economic status. However, children from middle and lower economic status showed rather high subjective well-being (SWB) scores, suggesting that children are able to maintain positive feelings about themselves and their level of subjective well-being (SWB) despite belonging to a less fortunate economic situation. These results will hopefully encourage Indonesian scholars and researchers to elaborate deeper in future studies. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan kesejahteraan subjektif (subjective well-being; SWB) anak Indonesia terkait kesejahteraan materi. Indonesia masih dikategorikan sebagai negara berkembang, dan beberapa penelitian terdahulu mengungkapkan korelasi antara status ekonomi dan kesejahteraan subjektif orang dewasa. Namun, studi yang memfokuskan pada kesejahteraan materi anak Indonesia dari perspektif mereka sendiri masih sangat terbatas. Studi ini menggunakan data dari survei Children’s Worlds gelombang ketiga yang dilakukan di Indonesia. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari anak-anak usia 10 tahun dan 12 tahun (N = 14.576; 49,35% laki-laki; 50,65% perempuan). Kesejahteraan subjektif diukur dengan menggunakan dua skala: Children’s Worlds Subjective Well-Being Scale (CW-SWBS) dan Overall Life Satisfaction (OLS) dengan butir pertanyaan tunggal. Kesejahteraan materi diukur berdasarkan dimensi status ekonomi keluarga, kekurangan materi, frekuensi kekhawatiran tentang situasi keuangan keluarga, dan frekuensi ketersediaan makanan untuk dikonsumsi setiap hari. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Teori Cummins tentang kesejahteraan subjektif digunakan untuk menjelaskan temuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak dari keluarga dengan status ekonomi tinggi yang tidak melaporkan kekurangan materi, tidak pernah khawatir tentang keuangan keluarga, dan selalu memiliki cukup makanan untuk dikonsumsi setiap hari menunjukkan skor rata-rata kesejahteraan subjektif yang lebih tinggi pada dua skala kesejahteraan subjektif dibandingkan anak-anak dari keluarga dengan status ekonomi menengah dan rendah. Namun, anak-anak dari status ekonomi menengah dan rendah menunjukkan skor kesejahteraan subjektif yang relatif tinggi, yang mengungkapkan bahwa anak-anak dapat menjaga perasaan positif tentang diri mereka sendiri dan tingkat kesejahteraan subjektifnya meskipun tergolong ke dalam status ekonomi yang kurang mapan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat mendorong para ilmwuan dan peneliti di Indonesia untuk lebih mendalami fenomena ini pada studi-studi selanjutnya.

National Identity in the Indonesian Youth [Identitas Nasional di Kalangan Orang Muda Indonesia]

National identity (identitas nasional [IN]) and ethnic identity (identitas suku bangsa [ISB]) as two forms of social identity are important to scrutinize in the multi-ethnic nation of Indonesia. This research comprised two studies and aimed to uncover the Indonesian youth’s national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) on a sample of male and female students with different backgrounds in ethnicity, religion, and identity source. Study 1 aimed to construct an instrument of youth’s national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) by adapting the Skala Identitas Suku Bangsa (SISB; 2019), resulting in the Skala Identitas Nasional (SIN) consisting of 12 items (rit = 0.35 -0.64; α = 0.84). Study 2 aimed to explore the participants’ national identity (identitas nasional [IN]; N = 480) by considering the differences of their backgrounds. The results showed that in general the participants’ level of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) was high, especially on the Balinese and Florinese samples; their level of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) correlated with their level of ethnic identity (identitas suku bangsa [ISB]); religion related with levels of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) through its connection with ethnicity, hence the Hindu-Balinese sample indicated the highest; the majority of participants acknowledged the parents and the extended family as their source of identity, but seemed to fail in contributing to the formation of the youth’s national identity (identitas nastional [IN]); male participants showed a higher level of national identity (identitas nasional [IN]) than female participants. Possible causes of the important findings were discussed and follow-up research on those findings were recommended. Identitas nasional (IN) dan identitas suku bangsa (ISB) sebagai dua bentuk identitas sosial penting dicermati dalam masyarakat Bangsa Indonesia yang multi-etnik. Penelitian ini meliputi dua studi, bertujuan mengungkap identitas nasional (IN) orang muda Indonesia dengan sampel mahasiswa laki-laki dan perempuan berlatar-belakang suku bangsa, agama, dan sumber identitas berlainan. Studi 1 bertujuan menyusun alat ukur identitas nasional (IN) orang muda dengan mengadaptasi Skala Identitas Suku Bangsa (SISB; 2019), menghasilkan Skala Identitas Nasional (SIN) yang terdiri dari 12 butir (rit = 0.35-0.64; α = 0.84). Studi 2 bertujuan mengungkap identitas nasional (IN) partisipan (N = 480) secara eksploratif dengan memperhatikan perbedaan latar belakang mereka. Hasilnya, secara umum taraf identitas nasional (IN) partisipan cukup tinggi, khususnya pada sampel suku bangsa Bali dan Flores; taraf identitas nasional (IN) mereka berkorelasi dengan taraf identitas suku bangsa (ISB); agama berhubungan dengan taraf identitas nasional (IN) melalui hubungannya dengan suku bangsa, maka sampel Hindu-Bali menunjukkan taraf identitas nasional (IN) tertinggi; mayoritas partisipan mengakui orang tua dan keluarga besar sebagai sumber identitas, namun ada indikasi mereka kurang berperan dalam pembentukan identitas nasional (IN) orang muda; sampel laki-laki menunjukkan taraf identitas nasional (IN) lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel perempuan. Kemungkinan penyebab temuan-temuan penting dibahas, dan saran untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dikemukakan.

Editorial | TIM RaDar as a Practical Screening Tool for IMRaD Articles: Consensual Publication Standards Among Indonesian Psychological Journal Editors [TIM RaDar Sebagai Alat Screening Praktis untuk Artikel IMRaD: Standar Publikasi Konsensual]

TIM RaDaR is an initiative to discover common standards for scientific publications in the field of psychology in Indonesia. Through this standard, authors (i.e., researchers, students, or lecturers) may prepare their manuscripts to meet the basic criteria for scientific publication. The writing criteria comprise of Title, Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion, and References. This article also provides a checklist to aid authors and journal editors in evaluating manuscripts to be published. As an initiative, this article aims to become a starting point in synergizing better quality scientific publications in the field of psychology in Indonesia. TIM RaDaR adalah sebuah inisiatif untuk menggali standar bersama publikasi ilmiah psikologi Indonesia. Melalui standar ini, penulis (peneliti, mahasiswa, atau dosen) dapat mempersiapkan tulisan yang mereka susun untuk memenuhi kriteria dasar publikasi ilmiah. Kriteria tersebut mencakup penulisan Judul, Pendahuluan, Metode, Hasil dan Diskusi, serta Pustaka Acuan (Title, Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion, and References). Tulisan ini juga memberikan sebuah checklist yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu bagi penulis dan pengelola jurnal untuk mengevaluasi tulisan yang telah disusun. Sebagai suatu inisiatif, tulisan ini menjadi titik awal sinergi publikasi ilmiah psikologi Indonesia yang lebih bermutu di masa mendatang.

Editorial | Stop the Academic Bullying: Our Internal Reflections for a Fairer Peer Reviews [Hentikan Perundungan Akademik: Refleksi Internal untuk Penilaian Sejawat yang Lebih Adil]

Academic bullying in peer reviews is a cultural problem. This Editorial Note is intended to identify the unhelpful comments/critiques and to highlight the impact of unprofessional peer reviews toward the well-being and career development of fellow researchers. We acknowledge that we are part of the problems, and the necessary steps are needed to break the chain of the academic bullying culture in peer reviews. New guidelines for editors and reviewers are part of the solutions to promote constructive comments, as well as stronger internal consolidation throughout the peer reviews process. Perundungan akademik dalam penilaian sejawat (peer review) adalah sebuah permasalahan kultur. Catatan Editorial ini bertujuan mengindentifikasi komentar atau kritik yang tidak membangun, serta menggarisbawahi dampak penilaian sejawat yang tidak profesional terhadap kesejahteraan dan pengembangan karir sesama peneliti. Kami menyadari bahwa kami merupakan bagian dari permasalahan ini, dan diperlukan langkah-langkah untuk memutus rantai kultur perundungan akademik dalam penilaian sejawat. Pedoman baru bagi editor dan mitra bestari merupakan bagian dari solusi untuk mendorong komentar yang konstruktif, serta konsolidasi internal yang lebih kuat dalam proses penilaian sejawat.

The Effect of Subjective Well-Being, Peer Support, and Self-Efficacy on Student Engagement of Class X Students of Four State Senior High School in Sidoarjo [Pengaruh SWB, PS, dan Efikasi Diri terhadap SE Siswa Kelas X di Empat SMAN di Kabupaten Sidoarjo]

An initial survey showed that school students at the Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri (SMAN; State Senior High School) level in the Sidoarjo Regency of East Java Province, Indonesia, suffered low levels of student engagement (SE). This research examined the impact of subjective well-being, peer support, and self-efficacy on the student engagement of the students in the Class 10 of four SMAN in the Sidoarjo Regency. 328 students were involved in this research, filling in a survey related to the four variables of the study. The results of regression testing indicated that subjective well-being, peer support, and self-efficacy had significant influence on increases in student engagement (SE). The implication of this research was that the efforts by the school, parents, and other parties was related to attention being given, outside of improvement in the quality of the academic atmosphere. Psychological well-being, peer support, as well as increases in self-efficacy, may assist students to become actively involved in the learning process. Survey awal menunjukkan siswa di tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Kabupaten Sidoarjo memiliki student engagement (SE) yang rendah. Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak dari subjective well-being, peer support, dan efikasi diri terhadap student engagement (SE) pada siswa kelas X yang berasal dari empat Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri (SMAN) di Kabupaten Sidoarjo. 328 siswa terlibat dalam penelitian ini dengan mengisi survei terkait empat variabel studi. Hasil uji regresi menunjukkan bahwa subjective well-being, peer support, dan efikasi diri memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan student engagement (SE). Implikasi penelitian ini adalah adanya upaya sekolah, orangtua, dan pihak lain terkait untuk memberikan perhatian di luar peningkatan kualitas atmosfir akademik. Kesejahteraan psikologik, dukungan sosial teman sebaya, maupun peningkatan efikasi diri dapat membantu siswa lebih terlibat aktif dalam proses pembelajaran.

The Role of the Quality of Perceived Social Support in the Emotion Regulation Strategies of Adolescents in Jakarta [Peran Kualitas Perceived Social Support Terhadap Strategi Regulasi Emosi Remaja di Jakarta]

Adolescents are prone to emotional turmoil. Feedback received from the environment, as a form of support, is required in the process of emotion regulation. Thus, it can be assumed that perceived social support will be associated with emotion regulation. However, research linking both variables has so far included only the relationship between quality social support and a single one of the emotion regulation strategies in late adolescence. This study fills the gap, and aims to examine the relationship between quantity and quality of perceived social support with emotion regulation strategies across the entire adolescent age range in Jakarta. The measuring tool used was the Social Support Questionnaire 6 (quantity of perceived social support and perceived social support satisfaction) and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies). The sample comprised adolescents in Jakarta who had achieved formal educational levels, and who came from families with middle to lower level Status Ekonomi Social (SES; Socio-Economic Status; N = 427). The authors used Pearson Product Correlation and linear regression data analysis techniques. The results showed that thequantity of perceived social support was not significantly associated witheither dimension of emotion regulation. Perceived social support satisfaction was significantly associated with both dimensions of emotional regulation. Teenagers are prone to emotional turmoil. Feedback received from the environment as a form of support is required in the process of emotional regulation. Thus, it can be assumed that perceived social support will be associated to emotion regulation. But researches linking both variables so far only included the relationship of quality social support and one of the emotion regulation strategies in late adolescence. This study fills the gap and aims to examine the relationship between quantity and quality of perceived social support with emotion regulation strategies across the entire adolescence age range in Jakarta. The measuring tool used was Social Support Questionnaire 6 (number of perceived social support and perceived social support satisfaction) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies). The sample was adolescents who have formal education in Jakarta and come from families with middle to lower Status Ekonomi Social (SES; Socio-Economic Status; N = 427). The authors used Pearson Product Correlation and linear regression data analysis techniques. The results showed that the number of perceived social support was not significantly associated with both dimensions of emotion regulation. Perceived social support satisfaction was significantly associated with both dimensions of emotional regulation.