scholarly journals What the COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals about Racial Differences in Child Welfare and Child Well-Being: An Introduction to the Special Issue

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Zachary Parolin
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Food Insufficiency ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Black And Latino

AbstractThis paper introduces the special issue on race, child welfare, and child well-being. In doing so, I summarize the evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in child well-being after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent findings demonstrate that, compared to white children, black and Latino children are more likely to have experienced poverty and food insufficiency, to have had parents lose their jobs, and to be exposed to distance learning and school closures during the pandemic. I argue that though COVID-19 has indeed worsened racial/ethnic disparities in child well-being, it has also served to place a spotlight on the American welfare state’s historical mistreatment of low-income families and black and Latino families in particular. Consider that around three-fourths of black and Latino children facing food insufficiency during the pandemic also experienced food insufficiency prior to the onset of the pandemic. Moving forward, analyses of racial/ethnic disparities in child well-being during the pandemic, I argue, must not only consider the economic shock and high unemployment rates of 2020, but the failure of the American welfare state to adequately support jobless parents, and black and Latino parents in particular, long before the COVID-19 pandemic arrived.

scholarly journals Reductions in US life expectancy from COVID-19 by Race and Ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Andrasfay ◽  
Noreen Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
White Population ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Black And Latino

COVID-19 had a huge mortality impact in the US in 2020 and accounted for the majority of the 1.5-year reduction in 2020 life expectancy at birth. There were also substantial racial/ethnic disparities in the mortality impact of COVID-19 in 2020, with the Black and Latino populations experiencing reductions in life expectancy at birth over twice the reduction experienced by the White population. Despite continued vulnerability of the Black and Latino populations, the hope was that widespread distribution of effective vaccines would mitigate the overall impact and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in 2021. In this study, we use cause-deleted life table methods to estimate the impact of COVID-19 mortality on 2021 US period life expectancy. Our partial-year estimates, based on provisional COVID-19 deaths for January-early October 2021 suggest that racial/ethnic disparities have persisted and that life expectancy at birth in 2021 has already declined by 1.2 years from pre-pandemic levels. Our projected full-year estimates, based on projections of COVID-19 deaths through the end of 2021 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, suggest a 1.8-year reduction in US life expectancy at birth from pre-pandemic levels, a steeper decline than the estimates produced for 2020. The reductions in life expectancy at birth estimated for the Black and Latino populations are 1.6-2.4 times the impact for the White population.

Differences in overall survival for patients with cholangiocarcinoma: Racial/ethnic disparity or socioeconomic factors?

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 380-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M Lee ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Mohammad Yahya Zaidi ◽  
Adriana Carolina Gamboa ◽  
Maria C. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

380 Background: Inequities in cancer survival are well documented. Whether disparities in overall survival (OS) result from inherent racial differences in underlying disease biology or socioeconomic factors (SEF) is not known. Our aim was to define the association of race/ethnicity and SEF with OS in pts with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Methods: Pts with CCA of all sites and stages in the National Cancer Data Base (2004-14) were included. Racial/ethnic groups were defined as non-Hispanic White (NH-W), non-Hispanic Black (NH-B), Asian, and Hispanic. Income and education were based on census data for pts’ zip code. Income was defined as high (³$63,000) vs low ( < $63,000). Primary outcome was OS. Results: 27,151 pts were included with a mean age of 68 yrs; 51% were male. 78% were NH-W, 8% NH-B, 6% Asian, and 6% Hispanic. 56% had Medicare, 33% private insurance, 7% Medicaid, and 4% were uninsured. 67% had high income. 21% lived in an area where > 20% of adults did not finish high school. NH-B and Hispanic pts had more unfavorable SEF including uninsured status, low income, and less formal education than NH-W and Asian pts (all p < 0.001). They were also younger, more likely to be female and to have metastatic disease (all p < 0.001). Despite this, NH-B race and Hispanic ethnicity were not associated with decreased OS. Male sex, older age, non-private insurance, low income, lower education, non-academic facility, location outside the Northeast, higher Charlson-Deyo score, worse grade, larger tumor size, and higher stage were all associated with decreased OS (all p < 0.001). On MV analysis, along with adverse pathologic factors, type of insurance (p = 0.003), low income (p < 0.001), and facility type and location of treatment (p < 0.001) remained associated with decreased OS; non-white race/ethnicity was not. Conclusions: Disparities in survival exist in CCA, however they are not driven by race/ethnicity. Non-privately insured and low-income pts had decreased OS, as did pts treated at non-academic centers and outside the Northeast. This suggests that decreased ability to access and afford care results in worse outcomes, rather than biological differences amongst racial/ethnic groups.

Marital Status and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among African Americans

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1147-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eboni M. Taylor ◽  
Adaora A. Adimora ◽  
Victor J. Schoenbach
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This article assesses the relationship between low marriage rates and racial disparities in sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates. Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth was used to examine the prevalence of sexual risk behaviors by marital status. Logistic regression was used to examine whether racial differences in marriage patterns help account for racial disparities in STI rates. Results indicate that the 12-month prevalence of multiple partners and high-risk partnerships was lowest among currently married, intermediate among cohabiting, and highest among formerly and never-married respondents. Of all racial/ethnic groups, African Americans were least likely to be married. In multiple logistic analyses adjustment for marriage attenuated the association between race and STI risk behaviors for African Americans. Low marriage rates may be an important contributing factor to racial/ethnic disparities in STI rates, particularly for African Americans.

scholarly journals A primer on hypertension and on the racial / ethnic disparities in diagnosis and management: a comprehensive overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Ivy Njoloma ◽  
Nasheria Lewis ◽  
Frantz Sainvil ◽  
George P Einstein ◽  
Andrew Sciranka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Adrenergic Blockers

Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide, where it contributes to stroke, cardiovascular and renal disease. Forty percent of adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, two-thirds of whom are living in low and middle-income countries. Most adults with hypertension are not fully aware that they have the condition, therefore it often goes ignored and untreated. Of the 1.28 billion people worldwide, who have been reported to have hypertension, data indicates that one in five females and one in four males are included in that estimate. Moreover, data from World Health Organization reports that less than half of adults (42%) with hypertension are diagnosed and treated adequately and approximately only one in five adults (21%) with hypertension have it under adequate control. One of the worldwide goals for non-communicable diseases is to scale back the prevalence of hypertension by 33% between 2010 and 2030. In African Americans, readily available thiazide diuretics or Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) have been shown to be more effective in lowering blood pressure than Renin Angiotensin System inhibitors (RAS) or β-adrenergic blockers and are also more effective in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) events than RAS inhibitors or adrenergic blockers. The ethnical difference in hypertension and hypertension- related complaint issues are associated with lesser mortality and morbidity pitfalls compared with their white counterparts. These redundant pitfalls from elevated blood pressure have a dramatic effect on life expectancy and career productivity for African American men and women and which is significantly lower than has been reported for Caucasian Americans of either gender. These present challenges remain to be completely understood and give a result to overcome ethnical and racial differences in the frequency and treatment of hypertension. Social determinants of health similar as educational status, access to health care and low income play a crucial part in frequency and blood pressure control rates. Development of appropriate health care programs at the state and public situations to address these issues will be essential to reduce these differences. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the prevalence and ethnic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension and to suggest steps to improve the outcomes.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Tasmim ◽  
Sarah Collins
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Unequal Opportunities ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Racial and ethnic disparities in health stem from the historical legacy and continued patterns of unequal resources and treatment on the basis of race/ethnicity in society (Hummer and Hamilton 2019; Williams and Sternthal 2010). Health disparities encompass differences in physical health, mental health, all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk, activity limitations, healthcare access and utilization, and other metrics of well-being. Researchers have identified a variety of explanations for racial/ethnic health disparities, including socioeconomic inequality, institutional- and individual-level discrimination, residential segregation, early-life circumstances, and health behaviors, among others. However, unequal opportunities on the basis of race/ethnicity remain the fundamental cause of health disparities (Hummer 1996; Phelan and Link 2015).

scholarly journals National-Level Disparities in Internet Access Among Low-Income and Black and Hispanic Youth: Challenges in Reaching At Risk Groups (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Margaret Dolcini ◽  
Jesse A Canchola ◽  
Joseph A Catania ◽  
Marissa M Song Mayeda ◽  
Erin L Dietz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Hispanic Youth ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
The U.S

BACKGROUND Internet access is increasingly critical for adolescents with regard to obtaining health information and resources, participating in online health promotion and communicating with health practitioners. Yet, past work demonstrates that access is not uniform across U.S. youth, with lower access found among groups with higher health related needs. Population level data yield important insights about access and internet use in the U.S. OBJECTIVE To examine internet access and mode of access by social class and race/ethnicity among youth (14-17 years) in the U.S. METHODS Using the Current Population Survey (CPS), we examined internet access, cell/smartphone access and modes of connecting to the internet for adolescents for 2015 (unweighted N= 6950; expanded weights N = 17,103,547) and 2017 (unweighted n = 6761; expanded weights N = 17,379,728). RESULTS Internet access increased from 2015 to 2017, but SES and racial/ethnic disparities remain. In 2017, the greatest disparities were found for youth in low-income households (no home access (HA) = 23%), and for Blacks (no HA = 18%) and Hispanics (no HA = 14%). Low-income Black and Hispanic youth were the most likely to lack home internet access (no HA, Low-SES Black = 29%; Low-SES Hispanic = 21%). Mode of access (e.g., from home, smartphone) and smartphone only analyses also revealed disparities. CONCLUSIONS Without internet access, online dissemination of information, health promotion, and health care will not reach a significant segment of youth. Currently, SES and racial/ethnic disparities in access prolong health inequalities.

Abstract P25: Identifying Socioeconomic Gradients and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Outcomes From Ischemic Stroke Hospitalizations

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amresh D Hanchate ◽  
Elaine Hylek ◽  
Griffith Bell
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
P Value ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Healthcare Outcomes ◽  
Inpatient Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

OBJECTIVE Even though there are over half a million hospitalizations for acute stroke nationally each year, little attention has been paid to examining racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes, especially inpatient mortality and paralysis. The limited evidence available presents a somewhat confusing picture that is confounded by systematic differences in socioeconomic status (SES) across racial and ethnic populations. STUDY DESIGN We stratified all inpatient admissions for ischemic stroke in all civilian Texas hospitals in 2007 (N=21,203) by sex, age (44-64, 65-74, 75-84 and 85+), race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic and other) and zip-code median income (low income = poorest quartile zip codes). Inpatient mortality and paralysis were the outcomes of interest. Secondary diagnosis codes (ICD-9) were used to identify patient risk factors (including atrial fibrillation, hypertension, heart failure and diabetes). Pooled multilevel logistic regression models were estimated to measure mean differences in outcomes across SES and racial/ethnic cohorts. FINDINGS The overall outcome rates -- inpatient mortality=4.9%, paralysis=28.4% -- mask considerable systematic variation. Differences by race/ethnicity are relatively small and not statistically significant: 3.5% (whites), 2.9% (blacks) and 3.8% (Hispanics). However, lower income is associated with a substantially large increase in this risk. Same-race/ethnicity counterparts from lower income zip codes had 47% (whites), 67% (blacks) and 22% (Hispanic) higher inpatient mortality rate (p-value<0.05). Differences in risk adjusted rates of paralysis by race/ethnicity were also not statistically significant - 26% (whites), 29% (blacks) and 30% (Hispanics). But counterparts from lower income zip codes had 20% (whites), 7% (blacks) and 23% (Hispanic) higher rates of paralysis (p-values<0.05). CONCLUSION Among whites, blacks and Hispanics, those residing in poorer zip codes experienced substantially worse rates of inpatient mortality and paralysis. IMPLICATIONS Further study needs to explore the potential pathways connecting lower SES with poorer healthcare outcomes, including, greater patient severity, delayed treatment and access to quality care.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake of U.S. Children Participating in WIC

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan C. Zimmer ◽  
Veronica Rubio ◽  
Kristina W. Kintziger ◽  
Cristina Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Hispanic Children ◽  
White Children ◽  
Food Package ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

Recent studies have assessed diet quality of low-income U.S. children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), but differences by race/ethnicity remain unknown. We assessed racial/ethnic disparities in nutrient intake from dietary sources (not supplements) among children participating in WIC, with a focus on priority nutrients and food groups for future WIC food package revisions, as described in a recent report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). We used data from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and multivariable linear regression analysis to evaluate relationships between race/ethnicity and nutrient/food group intake of children participating in WIC. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures, accounting for the complex survey design of the NHANES. Compared to non-Hispanic White children, Hispanic children had diets with better nutrient distribution and lower dietary energy density, while non-Hispanic Black children had diets with poorer nutrient intake. Hispanic children had higher potassium and fiber intake, and consumed more legumes, while non-Hispanic Black children had lower calcium and vitamin D intake, higher sodium intake, and lower total dairy intake, compared to non-Hispanic White children. These findings can inform WIC nutrition education messages and future food package revisions.

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